1. Preparedness The Republicans agreed with Wilson’s assessment that, “the U.S. was not prepared to protect itself from attack”, let alone fight a war. The National Security League -

2. Wilson calls for military buildup 1915 – Wilson calls for the start to a “Military Complex.” June, 1916 - Congress votes on National Defense Act. –Regular army is to increase to 175,00 –50 warships (battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.

3. Opposition to War Populists, Progressives and Socialist were all anti-war isolationists. Including, William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, and Jeannette Rankin. Rankin later becomes the first woman elected to Congress. Woman suffragists actively campaigned against any military buildup. With declaration of war in 1917 Suffragists Change to support.

4. Mobilization With much to do in building of military complex, Wilson asks for volunteer industries. U.S. forces were not ready. U.S. ups the amount of food and ammunition that is to be sent with other supplies to aid Great Britain and France.

5. Volunteer Help in the War Effort Bernard Baruch - Wall Street broker, Director of the War Industries Board, Raw materials / price stabilization. Herbert Hoover – distinguished engineer, Director of Food Administration, encouraged Americans to eat less meat and bread. In two years triples food shipments to allies.

6. Volunteer War Effort Continued Harry Garfield, head of Fuel Administration, directing efforts to save coal. Nonessential factories were closed. William Howard Taft, former president, helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers heading the National War Labor Board. Theodore Roosevelt, former president, organizes medical needs and enlists women and men as nurses and doctors in the war effort.

7. Financing the War Effort War Bonds called “Liberty Bonds” Borrowing from industry, banks, nations. $33 billion was raised in two years by a combination of loans and taxes. Increase on income tax, corporate tax and excise tax (luxury goods). Reallocation of current funds.

8. Espionage and Sedition 1917 and 1918 2000 people prosecuted Imprisonment of up to 20 years Socialist Eugene Debs Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court upholds Espionage Act – distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to the public safety.

9. Selective Service Act - 1917 Sec. of War – Baker created a democratic method o ensuring that all groups in the population would be called into service. 2.8 million men called by lottery system.

10. German Warfare Blitzkrieg warfare – “lightening war” Bombing raids on London Offensive against France – U.S. supports Trenches and holds lines with British. Bombing raids on Berlin and beyond.

11. Last Major German Advancement June, 1918 - At Chateau-Thierry, German forces attack on the Marne River. U.S. win successful counterattack at Belleau Wood. August – October: U.S. troops battle back tired German army.

12. U.S. casualties 112,432 American Troop Deaths 49,000 in early days of battle Others: –Exposure –Disease –Wounds –Flu epidemic

13. WWI and Peace Jan. 1917 – “Peace without Victory” – Wilson Jan. 1918 – Presents Congress with 14 pts. Jan. 1919 – Palace of Mirrors – Versailles, France – Outside Paris (mtg. of) Big Four: –David Lloyd George – Great Britain –Georges Clemenceau – France –Vittorio Orlando – Italy –Woodrow Willson – U.S.

14. Peace Terms Based on 14pts. – but, with changes 1. Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa. It was also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France. 2. Applying the principles of self-determination, territories once controlled by Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. 3. Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Article X of the covenant (charter) of the League called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations.