1. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Earth Systems 3209 Unit: 3 Earth’s Materials Reference: Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7; Appendix A & B

2. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Mineral Chemistry Unit 3: Topic 1.1 Focus on...  outlining a brief overview of mineral chemistry.   identifying the elements that make up Earth's crust.

3. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Building Blocks of Minerals  To fully understand rocks and minerals, you must first consider the chemistry behind minerals.  Things to consider include: 1) Atoms (and its parts) 2) Ions 3) Compounds 4) Molecules 5) Elements Text Reference: pages 32-38

4. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador What materials make up elements? Atoms:  The smallest unit of matter.  The sub-atomic particles that make up atoms include: 1)Proton - positively charged particle located in the nucleus. 2)Neutron - particle located in the nucleus with no charge. 3)Nucleus - central portion of an atom that comprise the majority of the atoms mass. Contain both protons and neutrons 4)Electron - negatively charged particle located in the surrounding energy levels. 5)Energy Level - shells that surround the nucleus that contain the electrons. Building Blocks of Minerals

5. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador What materials make up elements?  Atoms: Atoms can lose or gain electrons to form an ION.  Ions: An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative charge. Building Blocks of Minerals

6. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Atoms and Ions form compounds and molecules  Compounds: A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined. A compound can have properties entirely unlike the elements in which it is made. Example: Halite (NaCl) is commonly called salt. Salt is can be eaten, but sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are poisonous.  Molecule: The smallest part of a compound that still has all the properties of that compound. Example: Water molecule º H 2 O Building Blocks of Minerals

7. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE different types of compounds. These include: 1)Ionic Compounds  Involve Ionic bonding between a metal and a non-metal.  Electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal.  Example: Building Blocks of Minerals Text Reference: pages 36-37

8. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE different| types of compounds. These include: 2) Molecular Compounds  Involve covalent bonding between two or more non-metals.  Electrons are shared between the non-metals. Example: Building Blocks of Minerals Text Reference: pages 37-38

9. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE different types of compounds. These include: 3) Metallic Compounds  Involve positively charges metal ions existing in a sea of electrons. The electrons are free to move.  Metallic bonds are very strong and is what holds metal together. Example: Building Blocks of Minerals Text Reference: pages 38

10. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador What materials make up minerals?  Elements: Any material that is made up of only one type of atoms.  There are over 100 known elements, but only 8 of these make up more than 98.5% of Earth’s crust by mass:  It is important to note that the list typically goes from most abundant to least abundant. 1) Oxygen (46.6%) 5) Calcium (3.6%) 2) Silicon (27.7%) 6) Sodium (2.8%) 3) Aluminum (8.1%) 7) Potassium (2.6%) 4) Iron (5.0%) 8) Magnesium (2.1%) Building Blocks of Minerals Rhyme to Remember : Over Seas American Indians Can’t Swim Past Mexico

11. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador What materials make up minerals?  Names and Symbols of elements found in common minerals include:  For Example: Halite – NaCl, Galena – PbS, Hematite - Fe 2 O 3 Building Blocks of Minerals 1) Chlorine (Cl)2) Calcium (Ca)3) Carbon (C)4) Aluminum(Al)5) Copper (Cu) 6) Cobalt (Co)7) Fluorine (F)8) Gold (Au)9) Hydrogen (H)10) Iron (Fe) 11) Lead (Pb)12) Magnesium (Mg)13) Oxygen (O)14) Nitrogen (N)15) Nickel (Ni) 16) Manganese (Mn)17) Silicon (Si)18) Sodium (Na)19) Silver (Ag)20) Potassium (K) 21) Sulfur (S)22) Tin (Sn)23) Zinc (Zn)

12. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador What is a Mineral?  A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and molecular structure.  Minerals can consist of elements or compounds. Majority are compounds. Example: Galena (PbS) and Pyrite (FeS 2 ).  Native Minerals -- consist of only one type of element. Examples include Gold, Silver, Sulfur, Diamond, Copper. NOTE: To be a mineral a substance must satisfy the following: 1)Occur in Nature 2)Inorganic 3)Solid 4)Definite Chemical Composition 5)Definite Molecular Structure Building Blocks of Minerals

13. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Minerals make up Rocks:  Rock – is a collection of minerals which make up Earth’s Geosphere (solid Earth).  Connection to Chemistry……. Atoms -- Elements -- Minerals -- Rocks Building Blocks of Minerals

14. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Which two elements are the most abundant in Earth’s continental crust? (A) magnesium and iron (B) magnesium and silicon (C) oxygen and iron (D) oxygen and silicon Which of the following is an example of a native mineral? (A)halite (B)oxygen (C)ice (D)copper ***Remember the Rhyme*** Over Seas American Indians Can’t Swim Past Mexico Example 1:

15. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Which consists of at least two elements? (A) atoms(B) compounds (C) electrons(D) protons Which type of bonding between atoms displays a sharing of electrons? (A) covalent(B) ionic (C) hydrogen(D) metallic Example 2

16. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Questions: Which factor indicates whether a substance is a mineral? (A) exist in element form(B) exist as an isotope (C) formed naturally(D) must be a compound Which of the following statements are correct? (A) minerals make up rocks which make up elements which make up atoms. (B) atoms make up elements which make up rocks which make up minerals. (C) minerals make up atoms which make up elements which make up rocks. (D) atoms make up elements which make up minerals which make up rocks. Your Turn... Take the time and complete the following questions... (Solutions to follow)

17. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Questions: Which factor indicates whether a substance is a mineral? (A) exist in element form(B) exist as an isotope (C) formed naturally(D) must be a compound Which of the following statements are correct? (A) minerals make up rocks which make up elements which make up atoms. (B) atoms make up elements which make up rocks which make up minerals. (C) minerals make up atoms which make up elements which make up rocks. (D) atoms make up elements which make up minerals which make up rocks. Solutions...

18. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador  Rocks are collections of minerals which make up Earth’s solid Earth.  To be a mineral a substance must satisfy the following: 1)Occur in Nature 2)Inorganic 3)Solid 4)Definite Chemical Composition 5)Definite Molecular Structure  Atoms -- Elements -- Minerals -- Rocks Summary... Overview of Points covered: