1. Babies and small human beings!
Chapter 3
Infancy and Childhood

2. Section 1 - Objective
Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Understand that as infants grow physically, they also develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and language.

4. Define the following vocab words:
Developmental Psychology
Grasping Reflex
Rooting Reflex
Maturation
Telegraphic speech

5. What are the 3 issues developmental psychologists look at?
1) Continuity vs. stages of development
2) Stability vs. Change
3) Nature vs. Nurture
Explain each of these

6. What ways are capacities measured in newborns?
Sucking
Turning Head
Looking at/for things
Cry
Smile
Show fright or surprise

7. Diagram the Maturation timetable.
This timeline indicates the amount of time it should take an infant to learn simple skills, such as: motor functions, body support, pulling up, crawling, creeping, and walking.
These are the first signs of intelligence, along with the ability to speak and understand words.
Diagram the Maturation timetable.
This can be found on page 64 Figure 3.2

8. What could cause this timetable to be thrown off?
Underfed
Restriction of Movement
Deprivation of Human Contact
Under of Over stimulation

9. What does the visual cliff experiment teach us?
Explain this experiment.
Infants learn through experience.
What are some other examples of this concept?

10. What is one of the 1st signs of great intellectual development?
The acquisition of language.
This is seen by scientists as the only real way to tell if a young child has a high intellectual capacity. Any other tests could be skewed by muscular development or some other intervening variable.
Are there any intervening variables that might alter these results.

11. How do animals talk to humans, and what makes it different?
They uses symbols to communicate simple ideas with human beings. Most often this is done with sign language. Examples of this can be seen with primates learning and using sign language.
While animals can learn simple sign language, they can not use grammar properly. This is due to the animals brain not having the capacity for this. They will make very simple sentences.

12. What are the steps for learning a language?
Student
What are the steps for learning a language?
étudiant
allievo
1 Learn to make the signs (symbols)
2 Learn meaning of signs (symbols)
3 Learn grammar
студент 學生

13. Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old to 5 years old.
1st year- Babbling sounds
2nd year- vocab of 5 to 15 hundred words
3rd year- use 2 word phrases/ Simple grammar
4th year- use of future tense/ ask questions in adult form
5th year- accumulate vocab words daily / complex clause
Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old to 5 years old.

14. Section 1 Recap Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
■ Some psychologists believe that most behaviors are the result of genetics—nature. Others believe that most behaviors are the result of experience and learning—nurture.
■ The newborn is capable of certain inherited, automatic, coordinated movement patterns, called reflexes, which are triggered by the right stimulus.
■ Infants experience rapid development through maturation and learning.
■ Depth perception increases in older infants.
■ There are several steps involved in learning language.
Section 1 Recap Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Main Idea: Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions and language.

15. Section 2 - Objective
Cognitive and Emotional Development
Discuss how as the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

17. Define the following vocab words:
Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation
Object permanence
Representational thought
Conservation
Egocentric
Imprinting
Critical Period

18. What 2 things are intellectual development based on?
Quantitative Changes
This is the amount of information
Qualitative Changes
This is the manner of thinking

19. How are assimilation and accommodation different?
Uses a pre- existing schemas
Accommodation
Alters schema to new information

20. Outline the stages of object permanence.
1-7 months Thinks object ceases to exist
7-12 months will look in close proximity to its last appearance
12-18 months Looks in last place seen
18-24 months looks to find in complex places, knows it is still there

21. Give an example of conservation development.
This is when a child can not think about height and width at the same time. See the example by Piaget in the chapter on page 73.

22. Chart Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development.
Sensorimotor (0-2) Motor responses to stimuli, no object permanence
Preoperational (2-7) Egocentric thinking, lacks conservation, uses symbols to solve simple problems
Concrete operational (7-11) Starts learning conservation, trouble with abstract ideas, can classify, masters conservation
Formal operational (11-adult) Understands abstract ideas & hypothetical situations, capable of logical & deductive reasoning

23. Explain Harlow’s experiment. What does it tell us?
Explanation
How this is related to humans
Monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth and placed with other infant monkeys in captivity. They were subjected to loud noises and flashing lights, to create fear, to see which artificial mother they would move to. One mother was made of steel wires and had food, the other was covered with terry cloth and had no food. The majority of the monkeys went to the monkey covered with terry cloth.
Like the monkeys children will seek out comfort. This is also the case for adults. This helps to explain the importance of touching and human contact.
Coach Simpson will now explain why this is important to you and your future children
May the supreme being help us all if you procreate!

24. Outline attachment in human infants.
6 months 1 signs of attachment
6 months -3 years deep, caring, &enduring emotional bonds
3 years- adult can remember &imagine mother/ can even have relationship in her absence

25. Explain each of the following:
Secure Attachment
Needs to be close, but will explore (will come back to)
Avoidant Attachment
Disapprove of mother leaving (ignore when she comes back)
Resistance Attachment
Does not care when left alone, but are angry upon return
Disorganized Attachment
Confused and act inconsistently

26. Section 2 Recap Cognitive and Emotional Development
■ Children’s knowledge of the world changes through the processes of assimilation and accommodation.
■ Piaget described the changes that occur in children’s understanding in four stages of cognitive development.
■ Infants begin to develop emotionally by attaching to specific people, usually their mothers.
Section 2 Recap Cognitive and Emotional Development
Main Idea: As the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

27. Section 3 - Objective
Parenting Styles and Social Development
Describe the social decisions children face as they grow and progress through the stages of life.

29. Define the following vocab words:
Authoritarian family
Democratic Family
Permissive Laissez-faire family
Socialization
Identification
Sublimation
Role Taking

30. What type of family are you from?
Answer using a TV family

31. Establishment of limits of children Response to children with warmth
Why are children from democratic/authoritarian families more confident?
Establishment of limits of children
Response to children with warmth

32. What causes children of democratic families to make decisions better than others?
1) Assumptions of responsibility are gradual
2) Identify with parents  they do not treat as incompetent
3) Parents present a model of responsible, cooperative, and independence to be imitated

33. Summarize the section on child abuse.
Causes:
Formerly abused parents
Low patientce level
Unrealistic expectations
Stress
Children less responsive & more difficult to care for
Effects:
Child has loss trust
Guilt
Anti-social behavior
Depression/ Emotional Problems
Identity crisis/ Low self esteem
Reduction:
Parent Education
Child Abuse laws

34. What are the dimensions of socialization?
1st Learning the rules
2nd Acquiring identities
3rd Living with others & yourself

35. Diagram Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Oral - Weening
Anal – Potty Training
Phallic – competition w/ same sex parent
Latency – sexual desires pushed away
Genital – giving pleasure = getting pleasure
See also Figure 3.13 on page 82 in textbook

36. Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust
Early infancy – Is my world predictable and supportive?
Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
1 – 3 years old – Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?

37. Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt
3 – 6 years old – Am I good or bad?
Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority
6 – 12 years old – Am I successful or worthless?

38. Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role confusion
Early teens – Who am I?
Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adult – Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?

39. Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle adult – Will I succeed in life?
Stage 8 – Ego integrity vs. Despair
Older adult - Have I lived a full life?
See also Figue 3.14 on page 84 in your textbook

40. Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.
Pre-Conventional
Stages 1 2
Orientation
Obedience & Punishment
Instrumental relativist
Reference Group
Self
Immediate family
Example
It is ok to steal if you do not get caught
Stealing helps his family

41. Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.
Conventional
Stages 3 4
Orientation
Good boy/Nice girl
Law & order
Reference Group
Extended family
Self serving view of society
Example
His in-laws will respect him if he steals the drug
It is illegal to steal

42. Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage.
Post-Conventional
Stages 5 6
Orientation
Social contract
Universal ethics principle
Reference Group
Interactive view of society
Balanced cost/benefit analysis of self/society
Example
Ok to steal because your are being over charged
If the situation was reversed, Would it be ok for him to steal from me?

43. Section 3 Recap Parenting Styles and Social Development
■ There are four basic parenting styles— authoritarian, democratic or authoritative, permissive or laissez-faire, and uninvolved.
■ Socialization is the process of learning the rules of behavior of one’s culture.
■ Freud’s theory of psychosexual development suggests that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges, and in learning to control these impulses, children acquire a sense of right and wrong.
■ Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development suggests that the need for social approval is important.
■ The cognitive-developmental theories of development suggest that social development is the result of the child trying to make sense out of his experiences.
■ Kohlberg suggested that humans progress through six stages of moral reasoning.
Section 3 Recap Parenting Styles and Social Development
Main Idea: Children face various social decisions as they grow and progress through the stages of life.