1. Academic Integrity Workshop Physics 64-496 March 2010 Danielle Istl, LL.M. Academic Integrity Officer www.uwindsor.ca/aio

2. Overview  Why Academic Integrity?  Collaboration vs. Cheating  Honesty in Group Work  What is Plagiarism?  When Should You Cite?  Copyright  Research Misconduct  Helpful Tips

3. Why academic integrity? Why academic integrity? Why honesty in academic work? academic work?

4. Core value in education Key to the University’s mission Increases the value of your degree It’s the right thing to do. Integrity matters.

7. Honesty in Group Work

8. Collaboration or Cheating? The Tale of the Three Mice

9. Collaboration or Cheating?  Depends on the nature and purpose of the assignment  Depends on the instructions  GENERAL RULE: “Know what the professor expects. What is to be done by the group? What is to be done individually?” (C. Lipson)

10. Lipson’s Tips*  If not sure, ask in advance.  If one student doesn’t do his/her share: –speak with the student privately, –then with the professor if necessary. * Charles Lipson, Doing Honest Work in College (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

11. University’s position  In true group assignments, everyone is responsible for the entire piece of work.  You are vicariously liable for plagiarism by a group member.  “Wilful blindness” creates liability.

12. What is Cheating?  Deceiving, misleading, fooling, or defrauding another person  Violating rules deliberately  Acting dishonestly

13. What is Plagiarism?  Using someone else’s work as your own –words –ideas –thoughts –data  Failing to attribute the source of the information you use

14. Per University policy, this is also plagiarism: Submitting the same work in two different courses Submitting the same work in two different courses Psych 101 Psych 201

15. Or submitting work identical to another student’s work without permission Physics 101

16. The University’s Plagiarism Policy In the preparation of essays, papers, reports, and any other types of assignments, students must necessarily rely on the work of others. In the preparation of essays, papers, reports, and any other types of assignments, students must necessarily rely on the work of others.

17. However, it is imperative that the source of any ideas, wording, or data obtained from others be disclosed and properly acknowledged by citations, quotation marks, and bibliographic references in proper format. However, it is imperative that the source of any ideas, wording, or data obtained from others be disclosed and properly acknowledged by citations, quotation marks, and bibliographic references in proper format. (emphasis added) (emphasis added)

18. Plagiarism Under the Student Code  It applies to “all intellectual endeavours: creation and presentation of music, drawings, designs, dance, photography, and other artistic and technical works.”

19. Why Do People Plagiarize?  Lack of knowledge about what constitutes plagiarism  Time issues  Poor research, writing, citation, or organizational skills

20. When Do I Have to Cite?  When you use a passage from a source word for word –Short quotes (use quotation marks) –Long quotes (indent & no quot’n marks)  When you paraphrase someone else’s words or information

21.  When you borrow someone else’s ideas  When you refer to the work of another  When someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas (Turnitin.com and Research Resources, 2004).

22. Applying What You Know Exercise SHOULD YOU CITE??

23. Exercise: Should You Cite?  Example 1 “[E]ven the most patient and thorough investigator... must have some working hypothesis for or against which to collect data.” “[E]ven the most patient and thorough investigator... must have some working hypothesis for or against which to collect data.”

24. Example 2 Conscientious investigators should have a starting point that guides them as they wade through information. Conscientious investigators should have a starting point that guides them as they wade through information.  YES – paraphrasing.

25. Example 3 People, in the course of investigations, must selectively decide the facts that are most worthy of their attention. People, in the course of investigations, must selectively decide the facts that are most worthy of their attention.  YES – paraphrasing again.

26. Example 4  I disagree that “at least a rough outline must be there.” Sometimes detectives do not know...

27.  YES – in part, because some is word for word: I disagree that “at least a rough outline must be there.” (cite). Sometimes... [the rest is your viewpoint].  Alternative: I disagree with Copi (1961) that “at least a rough outline must be there.” Sometimes...  (Note: APA style; other styles may require you to cite differently in the text, or require footnotes.)

28. Example 5  It is easier to consider all the facts, and not have to choose among facts to consider, if the number of facts before you is relatively small.

29.  Reasonable minds will differ.  Technically, should cite because: - using some of the author’s ideas; - the author’s work was critical in developing your idea; developing your idea; - the author’s work influenced your statement. statement.  Alternatively, one might view this as your own work.

30. Example 6  Investigators and detectives, like Sherlock Holmes and Columbo, are fact-finders. They engage their audiences with their approach to the unknown.  NO – common knowledge (first sentence) & your opinion (second sentence).  GENERAL RULE: If ever in doubt, cite!

31. When Is Citation Not Required?  When expressing common knowledge  When expressing your own thoughts and ideas in your own words  When analyzing or synthesizing the material you have researched  When drawing your own conclusions

32. Examples of Common Knowledge  The three laws of motion are attributable to the famous scientist, Isaac Newton.  Canada is comprised of ten provinces and three territories.  Many animal rights advocates are vegetarians.  The smartest students at the University are enrolled in Physics.

33. What “common knowledge” is depends on ~  Your audience / reader  Your level of proficiency in the field  The extent to which the information can be found in a myriad of sources  Guidelines from your professor about the assignment Guiding Question: “Before I took this course/wrote this paper, did I know that fact?”

34. How might citation vary ?  If writing a paper as a first-year student?  If writing a thesis in graduate study?  If writing for industry?  If conducting a presentation?

35. Consequences of Plagiarism  In Class: –Academic assessment of “zero” –Possible failure of the course  At Disciplinary Level: –Admonition or censure (first offence) –Judicial Panel hearing (and likely suspension) for subsequent offences.

36. Turnitin’s Plagiarism Prevention Tips  Consult with your instructor.  Plan your assignment.  Take effective notes.  When in doubt, cite sources.  Make it clear who said what.  Know how to paraphrase properly.  Evaluate your sources.

38. Copyright Law in Canada “Copyright” is ownership of one’s work (e.g., literary, musical, technical) and the right to reproduce that work “Copyright” is ownership of one’s work (e.g., literary, musical, technical) and the right to reproduce that work

39. Copyright Definition: the sole right to  “produce or reproduce any work or any substantial part... in any material form whatever”  Also applies to performances in public, and  Publishing of unpublished work.

40. Term of Copyright  Fifty years following the end of the calendar year in which the author dies.

41. Infringement of Copyright  When you do something that only the owner of the copyright has the right to do (e.g., reproduce all or part of the work) without the consent of the owner of the copyright  Civil and criminal law consequences

42. Exceptions  “Fair dealing” –Private study or research –Criticism –Review or news reporting  Use by a non-profit educational institution –In the classroom / on the premises –For teaching / learning / training

45. Students’ Real-Life Stories (See “Info for Students” Link on AIO website)

46. Scientific Research Misconduct *  274 misconduct complaints filed with the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services - Federal Office of Research Integrity- in 2004  185 cases of (known) scientific research misconduct in the last 15 years  * Martha Mendoza, Associated Press, as reproduced in the Integrity Update newsletter of the Center for Academic Integrity, Sept. 2005.

48. More recent cases  Joy Bryant & Diana Layman, Oklahoma  James Lieber, California  Kartik Prabhakaram, Pittsburgh  Jon Sudbo, Norwegian Radium Hosp.  Rebecca Uzelmeier, Michigan State  (Office of Research Integrity, 2007 Annual Report, 49-58)

49. Why Scientists Cheat  Tremendous and increasing professional pressure to publish studies and secure grant funds  Some sort of mental disorder  Foreign nationals who learned different scientific standards  Inadequate mentoring (David Wright, Michigan State University)

50. Consequences  Loss of reputation  Loss of job  Surrender of professional license  Suspension or permanent bar from receiving research grants**  Prison time

51. Final Words of Wisdom Final Words of Wisdom Any dishonesty can seriously jeopardize your academic career and your future. Your reputation is worth preserving. Any dishonesty can seriously jeopardize your academic career and your future. Your reputation is worth preserving. DO THE RIGHT THING! DO THE RIGHT THING!

52. To learn more...  Talk to your professors.  Visit the Cdn. Intellectual Property Office online.  Visit the AWC and the Leddy Library.  Visit www.uwindsor.ca/aio www.uwindsor.ca/aio  Contact the AIO directly.

53. The End WISHING YOU A SUCCESSFUL GROUP PROJECT! WISHING YOU A SUCCESSFUL GROUP PROJECT! www.uwindsor.ca/aio