1. GENERAL VETERINARY ANATOMY
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY
GENERAL SYNDESMOLOGY (ARTHROLOGY)
GENERAL MYOLOGY
GENERAL ANGILOGY
GENERAL NEUROLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY IS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANISMS.  CLOSE CORELATION WITH PHYSIOLOGY, WHICH TREATS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY.

3. NATURE SCIENCES *ABIOLOGI (physis, mathematic) *BIOLOGI : $ fisiology
$ morphology:
.anatomy phytotomy : plants
 zootomy : embryology
hystology

4. ANATOMI
ANATEM (YUNANI): cutting apart or dissociation of part of the body
ANATOMY in the earlier phase of development anatomy was necessarily a purely descriptive science, based on such observation as were possible with unaided eyes and simple dissecting instruments – scalpel, forceps, and the like.

5. GENERAL ANATOMY MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY ( GROSS ANATOMY)
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY ( HISTOLOGY = TISSUE SCIENCE)

6. THE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF THE ORGANISM
EMBRYOLOGY : the earlier phase of development of organism during which the tissue and organ are formed:  fertilisation – foetus - partus
ONTOGENY: study of the development of the individual organism
FILOGENY (ancestral history) : is constituted by the evolutionary changes which it has undergone, as disclosed by geological record.

7. ORGANISM AS THE OBJECT OF THE STUDY
*SPECIAL ANATOMY : is the description of the structure of a single or species : anthropotomy, kinotomy dan hippotomy
* COMPARATIVE ANATOMY :is the description and comparison of the structure of animals

8. HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY? SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
APPLIED ANATOMY

9. SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Osteology Syndesmology Myology Splanchnology
Angiology
Neurology
Aesthesiology
Sense organs
Common integument

10. NOMENCLATURE (NAV, 1972)
Until 1895 there was no general agreement on the nomenclature of human or veterinary anatomy. Each nation had its own systemof terminology.
The first international Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was published in 1968.

11. AGREEMENT IN THE N.A.V
1. Aside from a very limited number of exception, each anatomical concept should be designated by a single term.
Each term should be in Latin in the official list, but the anatomists of each country are free to translate the official Latin terms into the language of instruction.

12. 3. each term should be as short and simple as possible.
4. The term should be easy to remember and should have, above all, instructive and discriptive value.
5. Structure that are closely related topographically should have similar names; exp: arteria femoralis, vena femoralis, nervus femoralis.

13. 6. Differentiating adjectives should generally be opposites, as major and minor, superficial and profundus.
7. Term derived from proper names (eponyms) should not be used.

14. DESCRIPTIVE TERM IN LATIN
THIS TERM USE IN THE BODY
Dorsal
Ventral
Cranial
Caudal
anal
dorsal
cranial
caudal
ventral

15. The terms cranialis and caudalis apply to to the neck, trunk, tail, and the limb as far distally as the end of the antebrachium and crus.
The terms dorsalis and palmaris are used on the manus, and dorsalis and plantaris on the pes.
On the head the term rostralis, caudalis, dorsalis and ventralis are preferred, with terms anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior used in few location, such as eye ball, eyelids,and inner ear.

16. Medialis and lateralis are used on the whole body, except that axialis and abaxialis designate the sides of the digits in domestics mammals other than the horse.

17. Axis LONGUM

18. Proximal - distal Proximal: the direction go up
Distal : the direction go down

19. Cranial/rostral - aboral

20. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
dorsal
cranial
anal
caudal
CRANIAL
ventral

21. This term only in the skull
Oral
Apical
Aboral
Nuchal
Anterior
posterior
Superior
Inferior

22. Extremities (thoracic and pelvic limb)
Proximal
Distal
Dorsal
Volar
Palmar
plantar
Ulnar
Radial
fibular
Tibial
Lateral
Medial
Median
Sagittal
Transversal
horizontal

23. Median: devided the body in the median plane 
Plana median
Median: devided the body in the median plane 
bilateral simetrical.

24. SAGITTAL
Cutting the body in the paralel
ways with the median plane.

25. THE DIRECTION ORIENTATION
Dexter
Sinister
Externus
Internus
Profundus
Superficialis
Transversus
longitudinal
Ecto
Meso
Endo
Epi
Peri
Dia
Hypo dan Hyper
basis dan apex
margo

26. CONDITION OF THE BONE Magnus Brevis Major/ majus Minor/ minus Dorum
Molle
Supra dan infra

27. MORPHOLOGY OF BONE facies Cavum Fovea Caverna(cavernosus) Facialis
Fascia
Foramen
Sulcus
Fasciculus
canalis
Cavum
Caverna(cavernosus)
Caput
Condylus
Collum
Spina
Crista
incissura

28. PROC TRANSVERSUS
Proc transversus

29. PROC SPINOSUS
Proc spinosus

30. RADIOLOGY ANATOMY X RAY was invented in 1895 by CONRAD ROENTGEN.
It useful for diagnosis, treatments and research.
To be proficient in radiographic interpretation, one must first have some knowledge of the anatomy of the region x-rayed.

31. Three elements in x-ray shadow
1.AIR : in mouth, nose, paranasal sinuses, trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine of the nursing individual, colon, and rectum.
2. WATER: in the blood (large vessels) and blood filled organs, such as liver, spleen and kidneys, and the urine-filled bladder.
3. MINERALS:primary significance, the calcium found in bones. Bone has calcium content & high radiopacity

32. Developmental anatomy
FERTILISASI  ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage)  MORULA  BLASTULA  GASTRULA  devide into 3:
- ectoderm : external layerskin & nerve
- endoderm: internal layer viscera
- mesoderm: cells between external and internal layers muscles&bone

33. THE FUNCTION OF SKELETON
To support the body
To give the body form
To protect the soft and weak tissue
As a passive locomotion
As a place for attachment of the muscles
To produce blood.
As chemical reservoir agents: Ca & P

35. THE AMOUNT of THE BONES Every breed have different amount
examples: horse bones
catlle – 193 bones
chicken 160 bones
human 206 bones (old), 270 (
baby)
This condition is depend on: breed & age

36. POSITION of the SKELETON
Axial skeleton
Appendix skeleton
Visceral skeleton :
example: os penis : dog & cat
os cordis : sapi
os glandis : cat
os hyodeus: vertebrata

37. ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BONES
OSSA LONGA
OSSA PLANA
OSSA BREVIA
OSSA IRREGULARIA

38. OSSA LONGA (long bones)

39. Ossa plana (flat bones)

40. OSSA BREVIA (short bones)

41. OSSA IRREGULARIA

42. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONES (osteogenesis)
1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): mesenchym cells osteoblast  osteocyt  matrix become jelly & solid (osteoid)  calcification  punctum ossification.
2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):
it begin with cartilago: mesenchym cells  chondroblast chondrocyt (fill according the length of the bone) ossification.
Osteoblast : cells that destroy the bone cells which already done in order to have good shape.

43. ossification center DEVELOPMENT : interstitial development
( from the middle of the tissue)
appostitional development
(from the lateral, usually from perichondrium or periosteum become mass bone)

44. PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal
group I
horse none
cattle none
sheep none
group II
human
rabbit
dog
cat
pig
Guinea pig

45. Maturity
1. sex maturity : genital organ already have their function properly. ♂: wet dreams & ♀: menstruation
2. body maturity : all the bones already done (don’t have any punctum ossification  ossification has alredy finished means the growth stop.

46. Sexual & body maturity Breed sex mature body mature
horse thn thn
cattle bln thn
Sheep/goat bln thn
pig bln thn
dog bln ,5-2 thn

47. Structure of the bones macroscopic structure microscopic structure
physical and chemical structure

48. MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA
SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA

49. Mass and spons bones
os spongiosa
os compact

50. long bone
DIAPHISA
EPIPHYSA

51. SINUS :spaces within the compact substance instead of spongy bone, and marrow ossa pneumatica, the cavities(sinus) are lined with mucous membrane; they communicate indirectly with the external air
SINUS

52. Phisik os longa capsula cartilago Osseous epiphysis epiphise plate
metaphisis

53. CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY STRUCTURE
chemic: organic : anorganic 1:2
composition :
gelatin ,30%
calcium phosphat ,35%
calcium carbonat ,85%
magnesium phosphat ,05%
natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%

54. Supporting of the bones
Periosteum / endosteum:
it can make a new layer outside and inside of the bone
Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock absorbens between 2 bones.
Tendon, ligamentum: elastic tissue that fix between 2 bones or with muscles.

55. JOINTS BETWEEN BONES (juncturae ossium)
JOINTS = syndesmology
requirements:
1. articular surface
2. cartilago
3. capsula synoviale
4. ligamentum
5. discus and meniscus
6. marginal cartilago (labrum
gleniodale, acetabulare)