1. Organs and structures concerning with the animal movements
Locomotor system
Organs and structures concerning with the animal movements
Passive skeletal structure
Bones (osteology)
Joints (artherolog)
Active skeletal structure
Muscles (myology)
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

2. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Osteology
Def: it is the science deals with the bones
Functions of bones
give the body shape (through skeleton)
Storage of minerals (calcium)
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
Blood cell production (red marrow)
Protection
Leverage (force of motion)
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

3. Classification of bones
I- according to shape, position and function
1-long or tubular bones
Long, cylindrical with central cavity
have long body, proximal and distal extremities
Present in limbs as humerus, radius and femur
Act as supporting column and levers
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

4. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1-long or tubular bones (cont)
Reduced long bone: have very small central cavity as small metatarsal and metacarpal bone
elongated bone: have no medullary cavity as ribs
Small metacarpal
large metacarpal
Rib
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

5. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- flat bones
Is plate like
give area for muscles attachments
Protect underline vital organ
Scapula, pelvic bone and skull
3- short bones
Has similar dimensions
diffuse and reduce concussion
carpal and tarsal bone
Carpal bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

6. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
4- Irregular bones
irregular in shape
single bone & median position
As vertebrae
5- sesamoid bones
Present between tendons and joint
reduce the frictions between tendons and bones
As proximal and distal sesamoid bones
vertebra
Proximal sesamoid
large metacarpal
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

7. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
6- pneumatic bone
Have air spaces instead of central cavity
As Para-nasal sinus of mammal
the majority of birds skeleton
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

8. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
II- according to their structures
1- compact bone
Forming the external dense shell of all bones
Its thickness is differ
thick in the middle and thin at the extremities
Medullary cavity
Compact bone
Periosteum
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

9. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Haversian system or osteon: is the microscopical structure of bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

10. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Spongy bones
Delicates bony spicules and trabeculae
have spongy appearance
Its spaces is filled by bone marrow
The spongy bone (trajectories) fill the short bones
And fill the extremities of long bones
Spongy bone
Bony trabeculae
Compact bone
Marrow space
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

11. III- according to their development
1- endochondral bones:
from hyaline cartilage
All except skull and flat bone
2- intramembranous bones:
From fibrous membranes
Cranial and flat bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

12. IV- according to their position
1- Axial bones: unpaired, in medain line Skull, vertebrae, sternum
2- Appendicular bones:
bone of limbs
3- Splanchnic or visceral bones: within soft tissues os cordis of ruminant, os penis of dog, os diaphragmatic of camel
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

13. Cross anatomical components of long bone
Periosteum
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

14. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1-Periosteum (the outer connective tissue covering), it divided into
Outer protective layer (more fibers)
Inner cellular layer (osteogenic )
Its function
Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
route for circulatory and nervous supply
bone growth and repair
Outer fibrous layer
Inner cellular layer
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

15. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Compact substance Thick at the shaft and thin at extremities
3- Spongy bone at the extremities
4- Medullary cavity contain the marrow
5- Bone marrow in the central cavity of long bones and within the spaces of spongy bone
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

16. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
types of bone marrow
Red marrow (mainly in young and rich in blood forming cells)
Yellow marrow( in adult, much amount of fat cells)
Gelatinous (degenerated yellow marrow in senile animal or badly nourished animal)
6- Endosteum
thin fibrous membrane
lined the central cavity and haversian canals of long bone.
covers the trabeculae of spongy bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

17. Gross anatomical regions of long bone
Middle body (shaft or diaphysis)
Proximal and distal extremities (epiphysis)
In young the growth zone (metaphysis) is located between epiphysis and diaphysis)
in adult metaphysis become ossify know as epiphyseal line
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

18. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal line or metaphysis in young
Diaphysis
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

19. Gross structures of short, irregular and flat bones
Compact layer
Spongy bone (trabeculae, spaces, endosteum and marrow
Periosteum
In the skull the spongy bones is called diploe, contain diploic veins
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

20. Chemical composition of bones
The bones are hard structures consists of 5% water and 95% solid materials, that divided into
A-organic material (35%) cells, osteoid (ground sulfated mucopolysaccharides) and collagen fibers it provides toughness and elasticity
B- inorganic materials (65%) mostly calcium and phosphorus it provides hardness to bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

21. Blood and nerve supply of bones
1- Arterial blood supply
medullary or nutrient artery
periosteal arteries
epiphseal arteries
metaphyseal arteries
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

22. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Venous drainage
few accompany arteries
but the majoirty not accompany the arteries, they emerge near the articular surfaces
3- Lymph vessels
forming channels within periosteum and haversian canals
larger lymphatic passes with the veins
4- Nerve supply
vasomotor (autonomic) to vessels
sensory fibers distributed mainly in the periosteum
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

23. Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Skeleton
It is the framework of hard structures (bones & cartilages) which support the soft tissues, and is divided into
1- Exoskeleton from ectoderm shells, scales of fish, feather of birds, hair and hoofs of mammals
2- Endoskeleton from mesoderm (except notochord from endoderm) bones and cartilages of animal
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat

24. Classification of mammalian skeleton
1- Axial skeleton skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
2- Appendicular skeleton bones of limbs
3- Splanchnic or visceral skeleton os penis of dog, os cordis of ruminant, os diaphragmaticus of camel
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat