1. REFORMS (Ch.9) Prison reformers – believed lawbreakers could be rehabilitated and that prisons must help people to change Temperance Movement – led mainly by Christian women who wanted to stop alcohol consumption. By the mid 1800s some laws were passed outlawing alcohol consumption Education Reform – Horace Mann did this by raising teacher’s salaries, updated curriculum, lengthened school year, more $$ spent on education

2. Utopias Communities designed to create a perfect society Shakers (religious group who “shook” with the spirit) created utopias where people were not supposed to sin Think of shaking up a bottle of Fruitopia!

3. Andrew Jackson Won the presidential election in 1828 and served 8 years as president His nickname was “jackass” by his competitors. He didn’t mind this name and used a jackass (donkey) as a symbol. The Democrats today use the donkey as a symbol

4. Texas Texas was admitted into the Union as a slave state While it was a Mexican territory, Texas used a special law that classified its slaves as indentured servants because Mexico did not allow slavery

5. Siege of Mexico City Winfield Scott served 55 years as a U.S. army commander In 1847 he and his troops invaded Mexico and took control of Mexico City Helped the U.S. gain more western land

6. Kansas-Nebraska Act Debate Because this act involved slavery, Congress was very divided Debate became so intense that one Anti- slavery Congress member was beaten with a cane

7. Juan Cortina – member of a prominent Tejano family in South Texas who headed a rebellion against white discrimination Dorothea Dix – fought for medical reforms; tried to help the mentally ill Frederick Douglass – abolitionist and former slave who urged “forcible resistance” against slavery and wrote an autobiography detailing harsh slave life