1. SOCIOLOGY “THE BARE BONES”
“must haves” for EVERY STUDENT!!!

2. THE SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW
CHAPTER 1
THE SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW

3. Sociology: the social science that studies human society & social behavior
How does Sociology compare/contrast with other Social Sciences?
Anthropology: the comparative study of past & present cultures
leans to past/uncivilized instead of present/advanced
Psychology: behavior & thinking of organisms
individual behavior over group behavior
Social Psychology: study of how social environments affect individual’s behavior/personality
Economics: study of how people make efforts to satisfy needs & wants
leans towards impersonal data
Political Science: examination of the organization/operation of governments
Sociology leans towards effects of governments on people
History: study of past events
past overall instead of past’s effects on people

4. The Founders of Sociology (Quick History!)
Auguste Comte: founder of sociology (coined term)
applied methods of physical science towards study of social life
Herbert Spencer: applied teachings of Charles Darwin towards society
Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” amongst societies over time
Karl Marx: society’s structure directly defined by the economy
bourgeoisie: capitalists
proletariat: workers
eventually, workers will rise up & create classless society
Emile’ Durkheim: the observation of society based purely on observable data/statistical analysis
Max Weber: understand individual by putting them into the group
Verstehen: puts oneself in the shoes of another
Ideal Type: the combination of society’s ideal characteristics

5. CHAPTER 2
CULTURAL DIVERSITY

6. Culture: all the shared products of human groups
Material Culture: Nonmaterial Culture:
physical objects that people create & use abstract human creations
Examples: Examples:
automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, beliefs, family patterns,
computers & cooking ideas, language, political &
economic systems & rules
Components of Culture
technology: culture’s physical objects & rules to use
symbols: represents something else
language: organization of written or spoken symbols into standardized system
values: shared beliefs about right/wrong, good/bad, desirable/undesirable
norms: shared rules of conduct in specific situations
Examining Culture
culture traits: individual tool, act or belief related to particular situation/need
culture complexes: cluster of interrelated traits
culture patterns: combination of a number of culture complexes into interrelated whole

7. Cultural Universals: features common to all cultures that must be met to ensure fulfillment
George Murdock (1940s): 65 cultural universals
body adornment, cooking, dancing, family, feasting, forms of greeting, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, housing, language, medicine, myths/folklore, religion, sports, toolmaking
Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism
the tendency to view one’s own belief that a culture should be
culture & group as superior judged by its own standards
to other different cultures rather than by those of a different culture
Examples vary: Examples vary:
labeling another culture as examining how another society
inferior based on technology views its dress or diet
Culture
Subculture Counterculture
groups that share values, norms group rejecting mainstream values,
& behaviors not shared by entire norms & practices & adapting a
population new set of beliefs
---age, gender, ethnic, religious, ---cyberpunk movement,
political, geographic, social-class, anarchists, organized crime
occupational families, hippie movements of the 1960s

8. CULTURAL CONFORMITY & ADAPTATION
CHAPTER 3
CULTURAL CONFORMITY & ADAPTATION

9. Robin Williams: Traditional American Values
personal achievement
individualism
work
morality & humanitarianism
efficiency & practicality
progress & material comfort
equality & democracy
freedom
nationalism & patriotism
science & rationality
racial & group superiority

10. Enforcement of Social Norms
Internalization Sanctions
how a norm becomes a part of a person’s rewards or punishments
personality, thus conditioning the person used to enforce conformity
to conform to society’s expectations to norms
Positive Negative
action that rewards a particular punishment or the threat of
kind of behavior punishment to enforce conformity
Formal Informal
reward or punishment by a spontaneous expression of
formal organization or regulatory disapproval or disapproval by an
agency, such as government individual or group
Source of Social Change Example Social Consequences 
values & beliefs
technology
population
diffusion
physical environment
wars & conquests

11. CHAPTER 4
SOCIAL STRUCTURE

12. social structure: the network of interrelated statuses & roles that guide human interaction status: a socially defined position in a group or in a society role: the behavior (the rights & obligations) expected of someone occupying a particular status Status Examples of Roles Examples of Conflict/Strain_______ firefighter putting out fires, saving lives, voluntarily puts self in danger but wearing a uniform has loved ones who need him or her mother providing food & shelter, work fatigue & long shifts make nurturing family, disciplining household tasks & interactions children difficult P.T.A. president running meetings, recruiting has trouble getting members to new members, planning attend & follow through on promises activities Reciprocity Exchange Theory Types of Social Interaction: 1) exchange 2) competition 3) conflict 4) cooperation 5) accommodation group: a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations & who possess some degree of common identity subsistence strategies: the way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members Types of Societies: Preindustrial: hunting & gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity → agricultural Industrial: manufacturing → urban; technology; organic solidarity Postindustrial: information; provision of services

13. The Continuum of Primary-Secondary Relationships Primary Group Relationships Secondary Group Relationships family groups of friends school club classroom job Group Functions: 1) define boundaries 2) select leaders 3) set goals 4) assign tasks 5) make decisions 6) control members’ behavior formal organization: a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals bureaucracy: ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules & procedures rationality: subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement & control SAMPLE BEAUCRATIC HEIRARCHY Head of the Bureaucracy (CEO, superintendent, president, etc.) ↓ ↓ VP/department head VP/department head ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ (subordinates)

14. SOCIALIZING THE INDIVIDUAL
CHAPTER 5
SOCIALIZING THE INDIVIDUAL

15. personality: the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs & values that are characteristic of an individual Factors That Shape Individual Personality Development heredity birth order ____________ physical traits, aptitudes, inherited if they have siblings & if so, order of birth characteristics, biological drives compared to him or her parents cultural environment_________________ parental characteristics: such as age, determines the basic personality types education, religion & economic status found in society ??? NATURE vs. NURTURE ??? socialization: the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs & behavior patterns of a society Name Process of Socialization Theory _____ John Locke Tabula Rasa: each person is a blank slate at birth, with no personality People develop personality as a result of their social experiences. Moreover, infants can be molded into any type of person. Charles Horton Looking Glass Self: infants have no sense of person or place. Cooley Children develop an image of themselves based on how others see them. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image a child projects through their reactions to the child’s behavior.

16. George Herbert Role Taking: people not only come to see themselves as others see
them but also take on or pretend to take on the roles of others
through imitation, play & games. This process enables people to
anticipate what others expect of them.
agents of socialization: the specific individuals, groups & institutions that enable socialization to take place
i.e. the family, the peer group, the school, the mass media
Mass Media as a Socialization Agent:
mass media includes books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio & television
television probably as the most influence on children
the effect of television on children is an ongoing debate

17. THE ADOLESCENT IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER 6
THE ADOLESCENT IN SOCIETY

18. adolescence: the period between the normal onset of puberty & the beginning of adulthood
puberty: the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction
Prior to 1860s
adolescence did not exist as a separate life stage.
children were treated as small adults.
Education Work Courts
children stay in school laws restricted child juvenile-justice
longer; extended period labor, also increasing system legally
of dependence length of dependency distinguished b/w youth & adults
Effect
development of adolescence as a distinct life stage b/w childhood & adulthood
Characteristics of Adolescence:
biological growth & development
undefined status
increased decision making
increased pressure
the search for self

19. dating: the meeting of people as a romantic engagement (in societies that allow individuals to choose their own marriage partners) courtship: express purpose is eventual marriage →dating may lead to marriage, but casually for, entertainment & amusement Cause Effect Industrial Revolution people moved from the farms to the cities, where young adults could gain more economic freedom & their own homes. as a result, parental control over young adults & courtship decreased Public Education by the 1900s, most secondary-school students attended coeducational public schools, which increased interaction between boys & girls Automobile young adults had more freedom of movement away from parents Telephone young adults could more easily talk to members of the opposite sex Equality of Women more women entered the workforce & took on more active community roles, which increased the interaction b/w single adult men & women

20. Problem Causes Consequences________
Teenage Sexual Behavior loosening of norms concerning teenage pregnancy;
sexuality; low-income, one-parent exposure to or
families acquiring STDs
such as syphilis or AIDS
Teenage Drug Use dropping out of school; having increase in the use
friends who use drugs; social & of some drugs
academic adjustment problems; among teens;
hostile & rejecting family settings increase in drug-
related violence
Teenage Suicide alcohol or drug use; triggering death; possible cluster
events such as family crisis or effects leading to other trials of adolescence; teenage suicides; rise
being female; social isolation; in U.S. teenage
living in an underpopulated area; bad family suicide rate;
teen environment; cluster effect suicide rate now
from publicized suicides exceeds that for adults

21. CHAPTER 7
THE ADULT IN SOCIETY

22. life structure: the combination of statuses of roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs & life circumstances that characterize an individual
Ages:
Early Adulthood Era Early Adult Transition
Entering the Adult World
Age 30 Transition
Settling Down Period
Middle Adulthood Era Midlife Transition
Entering Middle Adulthood
Age 50 Transition
Culmination of Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood Era Late Adult Transition Late Adult Transition

23. Phases of Adult Female Development Phase 1: Leaving the Family
characteristics: young women leave home, break from their parents & form a life plan with an emphasis on marriage over establishing a career
Phase 2: Entering the Adult World
characteristics: many women, often in their 20s, marry & have children. More than ½ combine work & motherhood. Others leave work, which limits later job opportunities
Phase 3: Entering the Adult World Again
characteristics: many women, often in their early 30s, return to work after their children start school. They then pursue their career goals, similar to men in their 20s
Percentage Distribution of Working Women by Marital Status, 2000
53% Married
27% Single
20% Widowed, Divorced or Separated

24. DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL
CHAPTER 8
DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL

25. deviance: behavior that violates significant social norms stigma: mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society Perspective Theory Questions _____ Functionalist Strain how do individuals respond to culturally approved goals & the legitimate means of achieving them? (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion) Conflict Conflict what is the result of competition & social inequality? (deviance) who decides what is deviant? (ruling classes) Interactionist Control why do people conform to norms? (the strength of social ties determines conformity) Cultural how do people learn conformity or deviance? (through Transmission socialization, or interaction with others) where does this learning mainly occur? (primary groups) Labeling how do people become identified as deviant? (through secondary deviance, or labeled as deviant)

26. crime: any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law & is punishable by the government. American Criminal-Justice System Police Courts have the most control over who is arrested determines the accused’s guilt for crimes; use police discretion, which has or innocence in a court trial & raised the controversial issue of racial then assigns a punishment; profiling actually settles 90% of cases through plea bargaining Corrections Juvenile-Justice System includes probation, imprisonment, parole; applies to offenders younger serves 4 functions: retribution, deterrence, than 18; guarantees juvenile rehabilitation & social protection defendants the same legal rights & privileges as adults; often provides more services

27. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
CHAPTER 9
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

28. social stratification: the division of society into categories, ranks, or classes social inequality: the unequal sharing of scarce resources & social rewards The Caste System in India Caste Occupations Brahmans priests, scholars Kshatriyas rulers, nobles, soldiers Vaisyas merchants, bankers, businesspeople Sudras laborers, artisans Harijans outcastes, limited to the most undesirable tasks Theory Cause of Stratification Criticisms of Theory Functionalist stratification is needed to help ---society does not society function smoothly by provide equal access to ensuring that specific roles are education & jobs performed. higher rewards ---rewards do not guarantee that important always reflect the social roles that require more skill values of roles are filled Conflict: it fails to recognize that ---Marxists ---the bourgeoisie exploit & unequal rewards are control the proletariat to based in part on maintain wealth & power differences in talents, ---American ---groups compete for scarce skills & desires among Theorists resources. those w/ power use people it to maintain their position

29. AMERICAN CLASS SYSTEM Upper Class 1%; prestigious schools; heirs, investors, large business owners & top executives Upper Middle Class Lower Middle Class Working Class 14%; college or university business executives 30%; high school or college; lower-level 30%; high school; & professionals managers, skilled craftworkers, supervisors factory & clerical workers, lower level salespeople, some craftworkers Working Poor Underclass 22%; some high school; 3%; some high school; laborers, service workers: gardeners, undesirable low-paying jobs, house cleaners, etc. unemployed, or on welfare for some time poverty: the standard of living that is below the minimum level considered adequate by society Characteristics of Poor Americans Sex: Age: ---women are the largest segment (57 %) ---children are the largest group (37%) ---female-headed households account for about ½ of all poor families ---3X more African-American & Hispanic children are poor than white children Race & Ethnicity: ---African-Americans & Hispanics are far more likely than white Americans to be poor Poverty Level by Family Size, person (<65 years) $8,794 2 persons (<65 years) $11,590 3 persons $13,738 4 persons $17,603 5 persons $20,819 6 persons $23,528 7 persons $26,754 8 persons $29,701

30. RACIAL & ETHNIC RELATIONS
CHAPTER 10
RACIAL & ETHNIC RELATIONS

31. race: category of people who share inherited physical characteristics & whom others see as being a distinct group ethnicity: the set of cultural characteristics that distinguishes 1 group from another group minority group: group of people who b/c of their physical characteristics or cultural practices are singled out & unequally treated (Louis Wirth) Prejudice Discrimination →unsupported generalization →denial of equal treatment about a category of people based on group membership →can be individual or societal →involves attitudes →involves behaviors →sociological, psychological →can be in favor of a group Merton’s Patterns of Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice ____________ Yes No Timid Bigot All-Weather Liberal No prejudiced person who nonprejudiced person does not discriminate who does not discriminate Discrimination ____________________________________________________________________ Yes Active Bigot Fair-Weather Liberal prejudiced person who nonprejudiced person discriminates who discriminates

32. A Continuum of Intergroup Relations
Acceptance Rejection
Cultural→Assimilation→Legal→Segregation→Subjagation→Population→Extermination
Pluralism Protection Transfer
Minority Groups Conditions/Concerns
African-Americans making gains towards equality, but statistics still show members are lagging in education, employment & income; becoming more politically active
Hispanics/Latinos rapidly growing population; trailing in income & education; diverse population
Asian-Americans contrast b/w 1st-generation immigrants, who are often poor, & 2nd generation, many of whom succeed educationally & financially; viewed as a “model minority,” although this term is resented
Native Americans often live on reservations; high poverty & poor education; encouraged to assimilated; taking steps to establish sources of income & better schools
White Ethnics includes some who assimilate quickly & others who remain victims of prejudice & discrimination; making gains in religious tolerance; good education level

33. CHAPTER 11
GENDER, AGE & HEALTH

34. gender: the behavioral & psychological traits considered appropriate for men & women (sex = the biological identity of that person)
gender roles: the specific behaviors & attitudes that society establishes for men & women
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Sexism
people who see women as incapable of holding positions of power make choices based on this belief
men who see women as inferior oppose women entering powerful positions
women who accept an inferior role do not pursue traditionally male roles
thus, not enough women are in positions of power to push for greater success
the fact that few women hold positions of power is used to justify the opinion that women must be incapable of holding such positions 

35. ageism: the belief that one age category is by nature superior to another age category
“the graying of America”: 2000: 12%, 2010: 12%, 2025: 19%, 2050: 20%
Effects of an Aging Population on American Society
Economic Effects → rising cost of health care; cost of Social Security; burden to family & younger workers; living longer in retirement
Political Effects → becoming a stronger political force; organized voting bloc (AARP, etc.) focusing on health care, retirement & Social Security
Medicare: the government-sponsored health-insurance plan for elderly Americans & Americans with disabilities
Medicaid: the state & federally funded health-insurance program for low-income individuals
Segment of Society Special Health-Care Concerns
poor people often not insured; have difficulty accessing & paying for care; cannot afford prescription drugs; have few doctors in poor communities
elderly individuals need more care than general population; often poor or on strict budgets; sometimes refused insurance coverage due to pre-existing conditions
AIDS sufferers need constant care in advanced stages; sometimes refused care by caregivers because of fear of infection; often not covered by insurance
people suffering from often refused insurance coverage due to pre-existing conditions;
chronic illnesses life-long care of illness is often extremely expensive
alternative medicine: treating illness with unconventional methods such as acupuncture, acupressure, biofeedback, massage, meditation, yoga, herbal remedies & relaxation techniques

36. CHAPTER 12
THE FAMILY

37. family: a group of people who are related by marriage, blood or adoption & who often live together & share economic resources
nuclear family: consists of one or both parents & their children
family of orientation
family of procreation
extended family: consists of 2 or more generations
kinship: a network of people who are related by marriage, birth or adoption
Marriage-Partner Patterns Descent Patterns Residential Patterns Authority Patterns
1. monogamy 1. patrilineal descent 1. patrilocality 1. patriarchy
2. polygamy 2. matrilineal descent 2. matrilocality 2. matriarchy
a. polygyny 3. bilateral descent 3. bilocality 3. egalitarian
b. polyandry neolocality
Functions of the Family:
regulation of sexual activity
reproduction
socialization
economic & emotional security
homogamy: marriage between individuals who have similar social characteristics
heterogamy: marriage between individuals who have different social characteristics
Trends in American Family Life:
delayed marriage
childlessness
dual-earner marriages
delayed childbearing
remarriage
one-parent families

38. CHAPTER 13
THE ECONOMY & POLITICS

39. economic institution: to satisfy people’s needs & wants, every society develops a system of roles & norms that governs the production, distribution & consumption of goods & services factors of production: 1) land 2) labor 3) capital 4) entrepreneurship Economic Models Capitalism Socialism 1. factors of production owned 1. industrial & 1. factors of production owned by individuals postindustrial by the government 2. forces of profit & competition 2. “pure” forms are 2. economic activity regulated regulate economic activity ideal types by the government 3. minimum government interference 3. pure form is communism power: the ability to control the behavior of others with or without their consent →the primary political authority in society = the state political institution: the system of roles & norms that governs the distribution & exercise of power in society legitimacy: whether those in power are viewed as having the right to control/govern others yes? Authority 1) traditional authority 2) rational-legal authority 3) charismatic authority no? Coercion

40. Types of Governments
Democratic systems 1) democracy
2) monarchy
3) constitutional monarchy
4) democratic socialism
Authoritarian systems 1) authoritarianism
2) absolute monarchy
3) dictatorship
4) junta
5) totalitarianism
Major Characteristics of the U.S. Political System
dominated by 2 major political parties: Democrats & Republicans
consists of 3 branches of government: the executive, legislative & judicial
includes interest groups & PACs, which help groups with minority views influence government decisions
includes public participation, although voter participation varies & is relatively low overall
has proportional representation, but debate exists over who holds power

41. CHAPTER 14
EDUCATION & RELIGION

42. education: the roles & norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge, values & patterns of behavior from one generation to the next
schooling: formal education, which involves instruction by specifically trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies
The Functionalist Perspective on Education ---Teaching Knowledge & Skills
---Transmission of Culture
---Social Integration
---Occupational Placement
The Conflict Perspective on Education ---Social Control
---Tracking
---Education & Socioeconomic Status
The Interactionist Perspective on Education
Current Issues in American Education
educational reform → to address a decline in the level of the quality of education; has led to some improvements
educational alternatives → provides school choice through vouchers, charter schools & options such as homeschooling
violence in the schools → has led to the use of security measures, zero tolerance policies & conflict-resolution programs
bilingual education → controversial, particularly in states with many Hispanics; has led to “English Only” movement 

43. sacred: anything that is considered to be part of the supernatural world & that inspires awe, respect & reverence profane: anything considered to be part of the ordinary world & thus, commonplace & familiar religion: a system of roles & norms that is organized around the sacred realm & that binds people together in social groups ANIMISM: spirits active in influencing human life but not worshiped. Rituals thank or win spirits’ good will. Shamanism: spirits communicate with one person (shaman). Shamans can heal sick, predict future. Totemism: kinship between humans & animals/natural objects: totems THEISM: belief in god or gods. God is divine power worthy of worship. Monotheism: belief in one god Examples: Judaism, Islam, Christianity ---organized structure, priesthood, rituals Polytheism: multiple gods Example: Hinduism ---usually one powerful god & lesser gods ETHICALISM: based on set of moral principles with sacred quality Examples: Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism ---involve meditation & purity of thought & action

44. SCIENCE & THE MASS MEDIA
CHAPTER 15
SCIENCE & THE MASS MEDIA

45. science: the pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods
sociology of science: the sociological investigation of how scientific knowledge develops
scientific method: an objective & systematic way of collecting information & conclusions
Norms of Scientific Research Realities of Scientific Research
universalism Although many scientists {} fraud
organized skepticism try to or would like to {} competition
communalism Merton’s norms, reality {} Matthew effect
disinterestedness often falls short of this {} conflicting views of reality
counter-norms ideal.
mass media: instruments of communication that reach large audiences w/ no personal contact b/w those sending the information & those receiving it
information society: a community in which the exchange of information is the main social & economic activity
Print Media; Audio Media; Visual Media; Online Media; Convergence
Contemporary Mass-Media Issues
children watching too much television
violence on television
ratings systems & parental controls
advertising targeting children
disengagement from direct social contact
decline in social capital
Internet causing decline in face-to-face relationships
the power of the media; agenda-setting
TV-Y: children of all ages
TV-Y7: children, ages 7 & older
TV-G: all ages
TV-PG: parental guidance suggested
TV-14: ages 14 & older
TV-MA: adults only

46. POPULATION & URBANIZATION
CHAPTER 16
POPULATION & URBANIZATION

47. population: the # of people living in an a particular time demography: the area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations Birthrate = live births X 1000 total population Death rate = deaths X 1000 Infant = deaths among infants X 1000 mortality rate total live births RATES OF POPULATION CHANGE Region Total Population Live Births Deaths Birthrate Death Rate Growth Rate (%) North 443,592 10,983 5, South 373,022 5,842 2, East 672,184 13,401 8, West 801,835 27,477 10, Malthusian Theory {vs.} Demographic Transition Theory →the population would soon reach →population patterns are tied to society’s astronomical numbers level of technological development Stage 1 = HIGH birthrate + HIGH death rate = SLOW population growth Stage 2 = HIGH birthrate + LOW death rate = RAPID population growth Stage 3 = LOW birthrate + LOW death rate = SLOW population growth

48. urbanization: the concentration of the population in cities city: a permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who are engaged mainly in non-farming activities over-urbanization: a situation in which more people live in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs & facilities MODELS THEORIES 1) Concentric Zone 1) Anomie → city spreads outward from center, resulting → city is anonymous & unfriendly in a series of circles, or zones carries negative consequences for residents 2) Sector 2) Compositional → city grows in wedge-shaped sectors → greater diversity of city outward from center to edges of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles 3) Multiple-Nuclei 3) Subcultural → city develops around several centers of →people can find activity, or “nuclei,” devoted to specialized land use others with similar interests in diverse cities; some people form close ties

49. COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER 17
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

50. Types of Collective Behavior:
collective behavior: the relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations
collectivity: gathering of people who have limited interaction, unclear norms & limited unity
Types of Collective Behavior:
1. crowds (casual, conventional, expressive, acting) 2. mass hysteria
3. fashions 4. fads 5. rumors 6. urban legends
7. public opinion (propaganda) 8. panics (moral panics)
9. riots mobs
Gustave LeBon (contagion theory): the hypnotic power of a crowd encourages people to give up their individuality to the stronger pull of the group
Ralph Turner & Lewis Killian (emergent-norm theory): the people in a crowd are often faced with a situation in which traditional norms of behavior do not apply
Niel Smelser (value-added theory): predicting the direction of collective behavior, by steps

51. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Type Description & Example
Reactionary try to prevent a type of social change & return society to a past way of being; often use fear & violence
example: Ku Klux Klan
Conservative try to protect prevailing values from what are seen as threats to those values
example: the religious right
Revisionary try to improve some part of society through social change; usually use legal methods & focus on a single issue
example: women’s suffrage movement
Revolutionary seek a total radical change of existing social structure, overthrow existing government & replace it with their own version; often involve violent or illegal methods
example: the American Revolution
Life Cycle: Agitation → Legitimation → Bureaucratization → Institutionalization
relative deprivation theory: people join social movements because they feel deprived relative to other people or groups with whom they identify
resource-mobilization theory: not even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will be able to bring about change without resources

52. SOCIAL CHANGE & MODERNIZATION
CHAPTER 18
SOCIAL CHANGE & MODERNIZATION

53. social change: alterations in various aspects of a society over time THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE Theory Description Criticisms Cyclical → Spengler: 4 stages (childhood, → focused on describing what is, youth, adulthood, old age) instead of why things happen → Sorokin: fluctuation between ideational culture (spiritual) & sensate culture (scientific) with idealistic culture in the middle Evolutionary → early: the progress through distinct → biased toward the West; does not stages toward complexity explain why change occurs → modern: tendency to go along many → does not explain short-term changes paths toward increasing complexity or wars Equilibrium → Parsons: occurs as society adapts to → does not explain widespread social maintain stability after a change in 1 change within or between societies area; involves differentiation & integration Conflict → Marx: results from class conflict & → does not always lead to revolution revolution → Dahrendorf: results from social → does not explain change without conflicts of all forms conflict

54. modernization: the process by which society’s social institutions become increasingly complex as the society moves toward industrialization Characteristics of Modernized & Non-modernized Societies Characteristics Non-modernized Societies Modernized Societies family extended nuclear family size larger smaller population rural urban life expectancy lower higher infant mortality higher lower religious orientation more less formal education little widespread technology simple complex division of labor simple complex statuses mostly ascribed mostly achieved social stratification rigid more open social change gradual rapid Effects of Modernization Positive Negative → increase in standard of living → loss of some traditional authority for the → longer life expectancies family & religion → lower birthrates → weaker social relationships & increased → higher rates of literacy feelings of social isolation → decrease in economic & social inequality → moral & ethical questions → more personal comforts → some environmental problems → improved infrastructure → some health problems → electricity & communication technology → establishment of educational institutions