1. HEMATOLOGY
the branch of medicine devoted to the study of blood, blood-producing tissues, and diseases of the blood

2. What is blood made up of?
Plasma
Blood Cells

3. Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
Platelets

4. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:
Red Blood Cells
White blood cells
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Platelet Count
Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells. It gives a percentage of red blood cells found in whole blood.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. A blood test can tell how much hemoglobin you have in your blood
A platelet count is a test to measure how many blood cells, called platelets, you have in your blood. Platelets help the blood clot.

5. Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells. It gives a percentage of red blood cells found in whole blood.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. A blood test can tell how much hemoglobin you have in your blood
A platelet count is a test to measure how many blood cells, called platelets, you have in your blood. Platelets help the blood clot.

6. CBC Normal Values WBC 4,300 – 10,800/cmm
RBC – 5.9 million cells/cmm
HGB 13 – 18 grams/dl (Male)
12 – 16 grams/dl (Female)
HCT 45 – 52% (Male)
37 – 48% (Female)
MCV femtoliters
MCH – 32 picograms
PLT 150,000 – 400,000/cmm

8. White Blood Cell Differential Count
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

9. Normal Blood Smear

10. Neutrophils
Segmented Neutrophil
Band Neutrophil

11. Monocyte
Lymphocyte

12. Eosinophil
Basophil

13. Red Blood Cells & Platelets

15. Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Bone Marrow
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Neutrophilic band
Peripheral Blood
Segmented Neutrophil

16. Normal Values for White Blood Count and Differential
Total WBC: 4, ,000/cmm
Differential
Segmented Neutrophils : %
Bands : %
Eosinophils: 1 - 3%
Basophils: 0.4% - 1%
Lymphocytes: %
Monocytes: 1 - 6%
**Varies by age and sex

17. Disease Processes Mononucleosis Sickle Cell Thalessemia
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Malaria
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Megaloblastic Anemia
Lead Poisoning

18. Mononucleosis
Reactive lymphocytes

19. Sickle Cell Anemia

20. Thalessemia
The thalessemias are the most common group of hereditary anemias. It is most commonly seen in people of Mediterranean descent.

21. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
This is a hemolytic anemia whose origin remains unclear. It is characterized by schistocytes and thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets).
schistocytes

22. Malaria
Malaria is an acute or chronic protozoan disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female mosquito.
Parasites

23. Iron Deficiency Anemia
The RBC's here are smaller than normal and have an increased zone of central pallor. This is indicative of a hypochromic (less hemoglobin in each RBC) microcytic (smaller size of each RBC) anemia. There is also increased anisocytosis (variation in size) and poikilocytosis (variation in shape).

24. Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary spherocytosis is a hemolytic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
spherocytes

25. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Here are very large, immature myeloblasts with many nucleoli. A distincitve feature of these blasts is a linear red "Auer rod" composed of crystallized granules. These findings are typical for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) that is most prevalent in young adults.

26. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
The WBC's seen here are lymphocytes, but they are blasts--very immature cells with larger nuclei that contain nucleoli. Such lymphocytes are indicative of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). ALL is more common in children than adults. Many cases of ALL in children respond well to treatment, and many are curable.

27. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
There are numerous granulocytic forms seen here, including immature myeloid cells and bands. This condition is one of the myeloproliferative states and is known as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that is most prevalent in middle-aged adults.

28. Megaloblastic Anemia
Here is a hypersegmented neutrophil that is present with megaloblastic anemias. There are 8 lobes instead of the usual 3 or 4. Such anemias can be due to folate or to B12 deficiency. The size of the RBC's is also increased (macrocytosis, which is hard to appreciate in a blood smear).

29. Lead Poisoning
Basophilic stippling in cytoplasm

30. Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the most common plasma cell disorder characterized by an increase proliferation of plasma cell in the bone marrow.
Bone Marrow Smear

32. Bibliography
How to Make a Blood Smear." You Tube. Perkins Lab. 20 April 2009 <
"Medicine Plus". U.S. National library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 4/20/09 < ( Hereditary spherocytosis slide)
"The Internet Pathology Laboratory ". Mercer University School of Medicine, The University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library. 4/20/09 < (Multiple Myeloma slide, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, iron deficiency anemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, megalobastic anemia, lead poisoning, multiple myeloma slides)
Sallah, Sabah and Bell, Ann. The Morphology of Human Blood Cells.
Abbott Diagnostics, 1970.