1. The Cardiovascular System

2. Q - How many liters of blood does the adult human body contain? A. 5 liters B. 10 liters C. 15 liters

3. A – A. 5 liters 5.3 quarts 7-8% of a person’s body weight

4. Q - How long does a red blood cell survive in the bloodstream? A. 120 days B. 1 year C. Forever

5. A – A. 120 days As red blood cells age, they are removed by microphages in the liver and spleen

6. Q – What is hemoglobin? A. A chemical that stimulates the production of blood cells B. A molecule specially designed to hold waste products and remove them from the body C. A molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it

7. A – C. A molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it Hemoglobin is a protein that carries the oxygen throughout the body

8. Q – What is a hematocrit? A. The measure of red blood cells in the blood. B. A hormone that stimulates production of blood cells. C. The nucleus of a red blood cell.

9. A – A. The measure of red blood cells in the blood. The ratio of cells in normal blood is 600 red blood cells for each white blood cell and 40 platelets.

10. Q – How does blood get its red color? A. From proteins located in the bone marrow. B. From the waste products in the blood. C. From the iron in hemoglobin.

11. A – C. From the iron in hemoglobin. Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four iron atoms, and each iron atom can bind with one molecule of oxygen.

12. Q – What is the function of white blood cells? A. To carry oxygen from the lungs. B. To fight infection. C. To create clots.

13. A – B. To fight infection White blood cells help fight infection in the body.

14. Q – What does it mean when there’s an increase of white blood cells in the body? A. There’s an infection somewhere in the body. B. Your body just finished fighting an infection. C. There’s no oxygen in the blood.

15. A – A. There’s an infection somewhere in the body. A normal adult body has 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood

16. Q – What substance makes up the majority of plasma? A. Proteins B. Water C. Electrolytes

17. A – B. Water Plasma is 90% water The other 10% dissolved into plasma are materials such as proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, cholesterol, hormones, and vitamins.

18. Q - If you are a universal donor, what blood type do you have? A. Type A B. Type AB C. Type O

19. A – C. Type O People with Type O blood are universal donors, because anyone can get a type O blood transfusion Someone with Type AB blood is a universal recipient because this blood has no antibodies that could react with donated blood More than a third of the US population has Type O+

20. Q – How does blood enter the heart? A. Pulmonary artery B. Superior vena cava & inferior vena cava C. Mitral valve

21. A – B. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava No blood gets into the heart without passing through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava first.

22. Q – How many gallons of blood does the heart pump in a day? A. 20 gallons B. 200 gallons C. 2,000 gallons

23. A – C. 2,000 gallons 2,000 gallons = 7,571 liters

24. Q – How many times does your heart beat each day? A. 1,000 times B. 10,000 times C. 100,000 times

25. A – C. 100,000 times The heart beats 100,000 times daily to supply every cell in the body with freshly oxygenated blood

26. The Cardiovascular System Major functions of this system :  delivers oxygen  removes carbon dioxide & other waste products Simply the job of the cardiovascular system is transportation.

27. Roughly the size of a clenched fist. Hollow and cone–shaped Weighs less then one pound Beats about 100,000 times in ONE day and about 35 million times in a year. Heart Anatomy

28. Where is the heart located in anatomical terms? Superior surface of diaphragm Enclosed within the mediastinummediastinum Flanked on either side by the lungs Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

29. Orientation of the Heart Apex – Bottom pointed part of heart. Points toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm. *Maximal impulse, where heart sounds are loudest Base – Points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.

30. Coverings and walls of the heart The lining of the pericardial cavity is a serous membrane called the pericardium. The pericardium: A. protects the heart B. anchors the heart to the surrounding walls C. prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

31. Heart wall The heart walls are composed of three layers: 1.Epicardium – Covers the outer surface of the heart (squamous epithelial cells) 2. Myocardium – Forms most of the heart wall, this is the layer that contracts 3. Endocardium – Heart’s inner layer; bundles of smooth muscle

32. Heart Wall and Coverings

33. Chambers of the heart - The heart has four hollow chambers. - Two atria (singular: atrium); pump blood into the ventricles -Two ventricles ; serve as the pumping chambers of the heart -The heart is equipped with four valves. The valves allow forward flow of blood through the heart and prevent backward flow

34. Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valves (AV valves) Bicuspid or Mitral valve (left AV valve) - Consists of two flaps Tricuspid Valve -Is the right AV valve -Has three flaps

35. Semilunar valves Between the ventricle & an artery 1. Pulmonic 2. Aortic Each set of valves operates at a different time. 1.The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the ventricles are contracting. 2. The semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced open when the ventricles contract.

36. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds Placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest. Closure of the AV valves create the 1 st heart sound (‘lub’). Closure of the semilunar valves create the 2 nd heart sound (‘dub’).

37. Blood Vessels (Tubes) The three major types of vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins: 1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart 2. Veins carry blood toward the heart **longest veins in the body are the great saphenous veins (leg and thigh) 3. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They carry blood to and from all the small places in the body. ** Arterioles and venules are also vessels

38. Circulatory System Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend between the heart and peripheral tissues The vascular system has 2 distinct circulations: 1. Pulmonary circulation – short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. 2. Systemic circulation – routes blood through a long loop to all parts of the body and returns to the heart. Each circuit begins and ends at the heart, and blood travels through these circuits in sequence Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit must complete the pulmonary circuit before reentering the systemic circuit

39. 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1-5 Pulmonary Circuit 6-10 Systemic Circuit 1 10 5 6 Left Lung Right Lung 4

40. Pulmonary circuit - from heart to lungs back to heart Systemic circuit - from heart to body back to heart Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636

41. Blood from body (systemic circuit) Venae cavae Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Blood to systemic circuit

42. Pulmonary Circuit Right Side of the Heart (Pulmonary Circuit) The blood coming from the body to the heart enters through the vena cava and collects in the Right Atrium, filling it up. This initiates a contraction of the walls of the Right Atrium forcing the Tricuspid Valve to open as the blood gushes to the Right Ventricle. The Right Ventricle fills with blood which forces the Tricuspid Valve to close and initiates the muscle of the Right Ventricle to contract, open the Pulmonic Valve and squeeze the blood through the Pulmonic Valve and on to the lungs. This blood will replenish itself with more oxygen and get rid of the carbon dioxide and return to the left side of the heart to begin another cycle.

43. Systemic Circuit Left Side of the Heart (Systemic Circuit) The blood coming from the lungs to the heart collects in the Left Atrium, filling it up. This initiates a contraction of the walls of the Left Atrium forcing the Mitral Valve to open as the blood gushes into the Left Ventricle. The Left Ventricle fills with blood which forces the Mitral Valve to close and initiates the muscle of the Left Ventricle to contract, open the Aortic Valve, and squeeze the blood through the Aortic Valve and on to the body. The blood coming out of the Left Ventricle to the Aorta is under high pressure. This pressure is enough to rush it to the different parts of the body at high velocity and give its oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. The blood comes back from the body to the right side of the heart.

44. Circulation – Roles of atria and ventricles The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and passes it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit. The left atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps blood into the systemic circuit. When the heart beats, first the atria contract, and then the ventricles contract. The two ventricles contract at the same time and eject equal volumes of blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits.