2. I.Early Presidents A.(1 st ) George Washington - Vice President John Adams 1.Strong leadership skills & focused on country’s needs 2.Set precedent with the ability to relinquish (give up) power 3.Established three cabinet posts: Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury; Henry Knox - Secretary of WarThomas Jefferson – Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury; Henry Knox - Secretary of War

3. 4.The first Congress established the Supreme Court – Judiciary Act of 1789. * 1791 added the Constitution’s Bill of Rights 5.Worked to strengthen the economy: a.Alexander Hamilton’s plan to pay off large Revolutionary War debt. 1. Govt. issued bonds to raise funds during the war. * James Madison believed speculators rewarded by purchasing at lower cost. * James Madison believed speculators rewarded by purchasing at lower cost. Alexander Hamilton – 1 st Secretary of the Treasury

4. 2.Placed tariffs on foreign imports 3.Encouraged growth of manufacturing & trade * Hamilton’s plan was supported by northern cities. 6.Dealt with domestic and foreign instability a.Whiskey Rebellion – farmers in W. PA rebel against new taxes b.Conflict with Native Americans over land – Northwest Territory

5. c.Foreign policy of neutrality 1.British practice of impressment and attacks on American merchant (trade) ships. 1.British practice of impressment and attacks on American merchant (trade) ships. * (John) Jay’s Treaty with Britain – didn’t deal with these 2 major issues – unpopular but ended crisis with Britain 2.Pickney’s Treaty with Spain – gained use of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans 2.Pickney’s Treaty with Spain – gained use of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans 7.Washington’s Farewell Speech – warned of danger of political parties.

6. B.(2 nd ) John Adams – Vice President – Thomas Jefferson 1.Political parties develop & clash 2.Election results of 1796: a. John Adams – Federalist (supported the Constitution) #1 votes b. Thomas Jefferson – Republican (favored state’s rights) #2 votes 3.Republican Congress critical (watched Adams closely)

7. 4.Adams very cautious: a. Naturalization Act – 14 yrs. to citizenship b. Alien Act - Could deport “dangerous” aliens. c. Sedition Act: * illegal to criticize Congress or the President 5.French Foreign Policy a.Stopping U.S. ships – seizing (taking) cargo *Adams sends negotiators to Paris

8. b. Three French Agents report – price of US treaty will cost millions of $$ * US (negotiator) Pickney’s reply ‘NO!’ c. President Adam’s reports to Congress on the “XYZ Affair” 6.Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions - * Declare Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional * Favor State’s Rights C.Election of 1800 – (Federalists lose power)

9. * President Adams & VP Pickney – run for reelection * Thomas Jefferson – Republican candidate for President, * Aaron Burr – Republican candidate for VP * Adams & Jefferson are harsh (mud slinging)

10. D.(3 rd ) Thomas Jefferson becomes President 1. 12 th Amendment (1804) changes election rules

11. 2.Federalist Party declines – out of touch with voters 3. Louisiana Purchase a.April 1803 – France offers Louisiana Territory * 15 million – a terrific bargain for US ** Jefferson doubts Constitutionality *** Purchase could be controversial E. 1804 Election – Jefferson reelected * Before leaving office, Adams appointed John Marshall as Supreme Court Justice

12. F.1803 Marbury v. Madison – Supreme Court decision 1.Use of Judicial Review a. President Adams appointed William Marbury as Justice of Peace – papers not delivered. b. President Jefferson orders Sec. of State James Madison not to deliver papers. c. Marbury appeals to Supreme Court d. Judicial Act of 1789 – *Decides Jefferson’s actions unconstitutional Supreme Court case of William Marbury vs. James Madison

13. e. Marbury v. Madison – set a precedent – Supreme Court can check other branches of govt. G.Lewis & Clark Expedition 1.Begin May 1804 – travel 1,000 mi. till winter (St. Louis to North Dakota) 2.Sacajawea & Charbonneau – interpreters and guides lead them into Oregon Territory 3. November 1805 – reach the Pacific Ocean 4.March 1806 – Begin trip home (arrive St. Louis in Sept. )

14. H. Zebulon Pike – Explores Louisiana (1806) * Leaves St. Louis, MO * Leaves St. Louis, MO – heads W to Rocky Mts. – heads W to Rocky Mts. Then SW into Spanish Territory * Provides a lot of info. about the * Provides a lot of info. about the Southwest Southwest II. Conflict Occurs – James Madison – 4 th President A.Two term Republican (1809-1817) Zebulon Pike

15. 1. Problems with Britain: * impressment, trade harassment * Frontier Indian Wars 2.War Hawks call to protect US interests B. June 1812 – US Congress declares war * “Mr. Madison’s War” – strike at Canada 1. US not prepared for war a. US wins naval battles * 1813 – Captain Oliver Hazard Perry wins on Lake Erie “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

16. b. William Henry Harrison invades Canada c. British successes * Blockaded American harbors * August 1814 – capture Washington, DC * Capitol & White House burned * Dolley Madison – “hero” 2. American Advances * September 1814 Battle of Baltimore – Fort McHenry * September 1814 Battle of Baltimore – Fort McHenry * Francis Scott Key – creates lyrics that eventually become our National Anthem * Francis Scott Key – creates lyrics that eventually become our National Anthem * Andrew Jackson – hero at Battle of New Orleans Battle of New Orleans Francis Scott Key – Battle over Ft. McHenry The burning of Washington, DC

17. 3. Peace Treaty of Ghent *** War of 1812 – US Second war of independence * US gained respect for sovereignty (our existence) * American patriotism gained (increases) III. An “Era of Good Feelings” – James Monroe – 5 th President (after War of 1812) A. British treated Americans as equals * (1818) US/Canadian boundary fixed at 49 deg. N latitude

18. B.America’s Boundaries Established 1.Florida: a. Purchase negotiated by Sec. of State John Quincy Adams. b. (1819) US purchases for $5 million 2.Oregon Territory – Spain gives up all rights to US 3.Alaskan Territory – Russia claims * 1824 US treaty boundary: 54 deg. 40 min. North

19. C. (1820) Missouri Compromise – issue of sectional division 1. Missouri seeks statehood (slave) * Debate over non-slave (free) representation in Congress * 1819 – 11 states slave, 11 free 2. Maine seeks statehood (non-slave-free) 3. Henry Clay’s plan – COMPROMISE * New States: Missouri – slave, Maine – free * Official line drawn at 36 deg. 30 min. North latitude. Senator Henry Clay

20. D. (1823) Monroe Doctrine 1.Stated during President Monroe’s annual State of the Union Address to Congress * Goal: Preserve peace & independence in W. Hemisphere * Warning ‘hands off’ to European powers allow new nations freedom

21. A.Election of 1824 – 4 (sectional) Republican candidates 1.No one had the majority of electoral votes to win. 2.12 th Amendment – deciding vote in the House of Reps. B.John Quincy Adams wins – Andrew Jackson angry – claims corruption C. Congress doesn’t work well with President J.Q. Adams – party split

22. A. Jackson – “Democratic-Republican” beat President J.Q. Adams for reelection B. Jacksonian Democracy est. – political ideas: 1. Rotation of Office – No more jobs for life 2. Spoils System (reward) – workers who support president 3. Kitchen Cabinet – * Cabinet not used for (official) decision making, * Trusted friends from West & Martin VanBuren

23. C.Political Issues 1.Nullification Act – proposed by SC * Issue of high Tariff of 1828 –favoring North 2.Doctrine of States Rights – proposed by VP John C. Calhoun * Would allow states the right to disobey Federal law as needed * Would allow states the right to disobey Federal law as needed * South Carolina forms an army to rebel 3. President Jackson sends Proclamation to the People of South Carolina. * Claims SC – traitors to the country Vice President John C. Calhoun

24. 4. Senator Henry Clay (KY) saves the Union. * Compromise of lower tariffs – accepted by both sides. 5.Second Bank of the US (B.U.S.) * Believed (B.U.S.) favors wealthy northeasterners. D.President Jackson moves Native American tribes West to “Indian Territory” * Cherokee Trail of Tears to Oklahoma

25. E.President Andrew Jackson – beloved political leader 1.Economic depression occurs 2.(1834) Whig Political Party formed A.Martin Van Buren – 8 th President Democrat – takes office 1837Democrat – takes office 1837 Farmers and workers face hardships – economic depressionFarmers and workers face hardships – economic depression Independent Treasury System failsIndependent Treasury System fails

26. * Election of 1840 – Whig Party candidate *War of 1812 hero – Battle of Tippecanoe * John Tyler – Vice President * Wm. Harrison wins the election -promises prosperity (wealth) V.P. John Tyler, became president less than one month after President Harrison’s inauguration when he died of pneumonia, becoming the first V.P. to assume the presidency. The End!