1. Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

2. Intro to Learning & classical Conditioning

3. Intro Into learning

4. Intro Into learning Humans are not born with a genetic layout for life
Learning gives us flexibility
Adaptability- to cope with
changing circumstances.

5. Intro Into learning If it can be learned then it is teachable.
Agree/Disagree?
Can change occur if new patterns are taught?

6. Intro Into learning
Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
Three types of learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational/Social Learning

7. Intro Into learning How do we learn?
Aristotle: We learn by association
Learned associations feed routine behaviors
Repeating behaviors in a certain context lead those behaviors to be associated with the contexts

8. Intro Into learning More on association:
“And to the Republic, for which it stands, one nation…”
What is the line that came before this?

9. “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.”
“And to the Republic, for which it stands, one nation…”

10. Intro Into learning
Associate Learning: learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence

11. Intro Into learning
Conditioning is the process of learning associations
Classical conditioning: learn to associate 2 stimuli and we can anticipate events
Operant conditioning: learn to associate a response and its consequences
Repeat acts followed by rewards and avoid acts that result in punishment.

12. Classical Operant
learn to associate 2 stimuli and we can anticipate events
learn to associate a response and its consequences

13. Intro Into learning Conditioning is not the only type of learning
Observational Learning- learn from others experience

14. Classical conditioning
Conditioning is learned through association.
Classical Conditioning is a learning process in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
it is sometimes called “reflexive learning”

15. No one developed Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering it.
Started off as a biologist in Russia
First Russian to receive the Nobel Prize
Began to study
why dogs drool
even though
no food present.

16. Pavlov’s Experiment

17. UCS= Unconditional stimulus
An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training.
Food normally causes salivation- a dog does not have to be taught to salivate when it smells meat.

18. ucr= Unconditioned response
An organisms automatic/natural response to stimulus
This is a reflex

19. NS= Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an UCR (unconditional response)
Tuning fork or bell before used in experiment

20. Cs= Conditioned stimulus
A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
Salivation of a
dog was a natural
occurrence until
trained to do so
when hears a bell.

21. Cr= Conditional response
Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Salivation of a dog was a natural occurrence until trained to do so when hears a bell. That salivation is the conditional response.

22. Sxzzzzzz njnn3

23. Magic formula
UCS (food)=UCR (salivation)
NS (Bell)+UCS(food)=UCR (salivation)
CS (Bell)=CR (salivation)

26. Importance of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is involved in many of our behaviors
wherever stimuli are paired together over time we come to react to one of them as if the other were present
a particular song is played and you immediately think of a particular romantic partner
you smell cinnamon and you immediately think of Christmas

27. Classical Conditioning
Some pointers on effective conditioning
NS and UCS pairings must not be more than about 1/2 second apart for best results
Repeated NS/UCS pairings are called “training trials”
Presentations of CS without UCS pairings are called “extinction trials”
Intensity of UCS effects how many training trials are necessary for conditioning to occur

28. Extinction – Loss of learned behavior after training stops
Other Terms
Generalization – Learning on stimulus A changes behavior regarding stimulus B
Discrimination – Learning on stimulus A doesn’t change behavior regarding stimulus B
Extinction – Loss of learned behavior after training stops
Spontaneous Recovery – Exhibiting learned behavior after extinction has occurred.

30. Assignment
In pairs create a storyboard to illustrate the steps in the classical conditioning experiment performed by Pavlov. The storyboard should include both drawings and captions that pertain to the three phases of classical conditioning (before, during, and after training).
Use your notes and page 243 for further help.

31. identify the UCS, UCR, NS, CR, and CS & place in Magic Formula.
The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear.
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

32. Operant Conditioning

33. Suppose your dog is wandering around the neighborhood, sniffing trees, checking garbage cans, looking for a squirrel to chase. A kind neighbor sees the dog & tosses a bone out to it. The next day, the dog is likely to stop at the same door on its rounds. Your neighbor produces another bone and another the next day. Your dog is a regular visitor now.

34. Operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

35. Operant conditioning Different from classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

36. Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punisher

37. Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
We can distinguish if a situation is classical or operant by asking if the organism learns association between events:
Is the organism learning associations between events that it does not control (It’s Classical) OR
Is the organism learning associations between its behavior and resulting events (It’s Operant)

38. Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning works on Thorndike’s law of effect:
Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Rewarded behavior is likely to occur & vice versa.

39. Operant conditioning
Skinner developed the Skinner box, or the operant chamber

40. Skinner Box
Used to study behavior conditioning by teaching a subject to perform certain actions (like pressing a lever) in response to specific stimuli, like a light or sound signal.
When the subject correctly performs the behavior, the chamber mechanism delivers food or another reward.
In some cases, the mechanism delivers a punishment for incorrect or missing responses.

41. Operant conditioning
Shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to desired behavior

42. Operant conditioning Reinforcers:
Any event that strengthens behavior it follows

43. Operant conditioning Types: Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement

44. Operant conditioning Positive Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli, such as food.
This should strengthen the response

45. identify if the reinforcement in the scenario is positive or negative.
You avoid talking about the problems between Israel and Palestine with your roommate, because it always results in an argument.
A child is allowed one-half hour of TV time for each hour she spends doing homework.
After being sure that the infant's diapers are dry and that he has been recently fed, a mother and father ignore the infant's crying at bedtime.

46. Operant conditioning THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Negative Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Examples
Taking away an electrical shock
Pushing your snooze button to stop the alarm
Taking an aspirin to rid a headache

47. Operant conditioning Types of reinforcers
Primary: meets some biological need
Ex. Getting food when hungry
Conditioned (secondary): gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Ex. Light in the Skinner box

48. Operant conditioning Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior it follows

49. Types of Punishment Positive Punishment: Physical Punishment
Ex. Spanking
Negative Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus
Ex. Grounding, taking away phone, etc.

50. Operant conditioning Notes on physical punishment:
Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
9/10 parents of 3-4 year olds spank
Is spanking abuse or punishment?
Punishment teaches discrimination
Can’t swear at home, but can get away with it at my friend’s house!!!
Punishment can teach fear
Physical punishment could model aggression as way to cope with problems

52. Assignment Create a comic strip. It must include the following:
Compare & Contrast Classical & Operant Conditioning
Explain the purpose of the Skinner Box
Depict aspects of Shaping, Types of Reinforcement & Punishment
All key terms above must be defined

53. Operant Conditioning continued…
How often should one reinforce a behavior?
Operant Conditioning continued…

54. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Two schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement

55. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement:
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Examples of continuous reinforcement:
Every time Billy raises his hand and answers
a question, he will receive praise.
Every time Jamie Sue potty’s in the toilet,
she receives a cookie.
Every time I put $1.00 in the candy machine
and press C7, I get a Butterfinger!
Extinction happens quickly once
reinforcement is stopped

56. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement:
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Types of partial reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedules
Variable-ratio schedules
Fixed-interval schedules
Variable-interval schedules

57. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Schedules: reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Example: for every ten slurpee’s that you purchase, the 11th is free
Free!!!

58. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Variable Ratio Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses
Example:

59. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Fixed-Interval schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Example:

60. Operant conditioning: schedule of reinforcement
Variable Interval Schedules: a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Example:
Boss dropping by to check on your progress throughout the day.