1. Chapter 6: Learning

2. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR) –Conditioned Response (CR)

3. Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

4. Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning

5. Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response

6. Classical Conditioning: More Terminology Trial = pairing of UCS and CS Acquisition = initial stage in learning Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space

7. Classical Conditioning: More Terminology 3 types of Classical Conditioning –Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together –Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end together –Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

8. Processes in Classical Conditioning Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization Discrimination Higher-order conditioning

9. Figure 6.7 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

10. Figure 6.10 Higher-order conditioning

11. Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement –Operant chamber –Emission of response –Reinforcement contingencies –Cumulative recorder

12. Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning

13. Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

14. Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning Acquisition Shaping Extinction Stimulus Control –Generalization –Discrimination

15. Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant responding

16. Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning

17. Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses Primary Reinforcers –Satisfy biological needs Secondary Reinforcers –Conditioned reinforcement

18. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement –Ratio schedules Fixed Variable –Interval schedules Fixed Variable

19. Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response

20. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response: –Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus –Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus Escape learning Avoidance learning Decreasing a response: –Punishment –Problems with punishment

21. Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

22. Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning

23. Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment

24. Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning –Instinctive Drift –Conditioned Taste Aversion –Preparedness and Phobias Cognitive Influences on Conditioning –Signal relations –Response-outcome relations Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

25. Figure 6.22 Conditioned taste aversion

26. Observational Learning: Basic Processes Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) –Observational learning –Vicarious conditioning 4 key processes –attention –retention –reproduction –motivation acquisition vs. performance

27. Figure 6.25 Observational learning