1. Disorders

2. Abnormal Psychology The study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

3. Anxiety Disorders

4. Phobias Intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object Agoraphobia is the fear of open, public spaces Social phobias is the fear of a situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public Contact with the feared object of situation results in anxiety Anxiety Disorders

6. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Constant, low-level anxiety Anxiety Disorders

7. Panic Disorder Intense anxiety for no apparent reason Anxiety over anticipation of a panic attack Anxiety Disorders

8. Obsessive Compulsive Obsessive (persistent and unwanted) thoughts cause the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action Even to the extent that no other behavior can take place Anxiety is released when the compulsive behavior is performed Anxiety Disorders

10. Post Traumatic Stress Flashbacks or nightmares following a trauma Memories of the event cause anxiety Anxiety Disorders

11. What causes anxiety disorder?

12. Psychoanalytic theory: unresolved, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, superego

13. Behaviorist theory: because all behavior is learned, anxiety must be learned through operant or classical conditioning, or cognitive learning What causes anxiety disorder?

14. Cognitive theorists: dysfunctional thinking like irrational thoughts What causes anxiety disorder?

15. What would an evolutionary theorist say? What about a biological psychologist? What causes anxiety disorder?

16. Somatoform Disorders Physiological manifestations of psychological problems Hypochondriasis - physical complaints without physical cause Conversion disorder – severe physical disorder like paralysis or blindness without a physical cause

17. Body dysmorphic disorder

18. What causes somatoform disorder?

19. Psychodynamic theorists: outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts Behavioral theorists: reinforcement for behavior, like attention one gets being sick

20. Dissociative Disorder Disruption in the conscious processes Psychogenic amnesia Fugue Dissociative identity disorder

21. Psychogenic amnesia Person cannot remember things, but there is no physiological basis for the disruption in memory

22. Fugue rare psychiatric disorder after a traumatic event when an individual dissociates from his identity and detaches himself from the current surroundings often the individual flees to an unfamiliar location, experiences a temporary amnesia affecting his personal identity, and partially or completely adopts a new identity

23. Dissociative identity disorder Multiple personalities the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that take control of a person's behavior

24. Dissociative identity disorder

25. What causes Dissociative Disorders?

26. Psychoanalytic theory: trauma is repressed causing a split consciousness Behavioral theory: to not think about trauma is rewarding and produces amnesia Critics question the validity of Dissociative Identity Disorder

27. Affective (mood) Disorders Experience of extreme or inappropriate emotions Major depressive disorder (unipolar depression) Seasonal affective disorder Bipolar disorder (manic depression) Dysthymic disorder is less intense than major depression, but lasts years

28. Major Depressive Disorder Unipolar depression Unhappy for more than 2 weeks without clear reason Loss of appetite, fatigue, changes in sleep, lack of interest, worthlessness

30. Bipolar Disorder Periods of major depression Mania, High energy Risky behavior Spurts of euphoria no desire to sleep racing thoughts Confidence, power Irritability, anxiety

31. Seasonal Affective Disorder Depression at certain time of year, usually winter

32. Dysthemia

33. What causes Mood Disorder?

34. Biological component to affective disorders Low levels of serotonin (depression) More receptors for acetylcholine (bipolar) Low levels of norepinephrine (depression) Genetic component because depression and bipolar seem to run in families

35. Neurotransmitters: chemical transmitters signal from neurons across synapses; at the axon endings of motor neurons, they stimulate the muscle fibers Serotonin: inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in emotion and mood and perception ( depression, anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, increased appetite for carbohydrates, trouble sleeping, migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia ) review

36. Acetylcholine: found in sensory neurons, autonomic nervous system, stimulation of muscles (gastro-intestinal system); plays part in REM (dream) sleep; link between loss of acetylcholine and Alzheimer's disease Norepinephrine: strongly associated with autonomic, sympathetic nervous system "high alert" increased heart rate and blood pressure, released by adrenal glands into the blood stream (noradrenalin) forming memories; depleted by stress, increased by exercise review

37. Psychoanalytic Anger directed inward Loss during the psychosexual stage Overly punitive superego Behavior theorists Mood disorder brings about some kind of reinforcement like attention or sympathy

38. Cognitive theorists Unreasonably negative ideas about self Cognitive triad (Aaron Beck) The self, the world, the future Pessimistic attributional style Internal v. external (I’m bad v. the world is bad) global v. specific (I’m a bad student v. I have trouble with math) stable v. unstable (I will always be a bad student v. I had a bad day today)

39. Combination behavioral & cognitive Martin Seligman – learned helplessness – Some dogs learned to not get shocked – Others believed they lacked the ability to control their fate Depression has a high correlation to feelings of learned helplessness

40. Schizophrenic Disorders

41. Onset in young adulthood Severe, debilitating Disordered, distorted thinking Delusions – Of persecution – Of grandeur Hallucinations (perception in the absence of sensory stimulation) Schizophrenic Disorders

42. 4 types of schizophrenia Disorganized (make up words, rhyming words, inappropriate or flat affect) Paranoid (delusions of persecution) Catatonic (odd movements, waxy flexibility) Undifferentiated (disordered thinking)

43. Cause of schizophrenia - Biological Dopamine hypothesis – High levels of dopamine in frontal lobes associated with schizophrenia – Low levels of dopamine in motor areas associated with Parkinson’s – Anti-psychotic drugs lower dopamine levels, but can cause tremors – L-Dopa, used to treat Parkinson’s increases dopamine levels and in excess, causes schizophrenic symptoms

44. Dopamine: inhibitory neurotransmitter (blocks a neuron from firing at receptor site); Strongly associated with reward mechanisms (nicotine, cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol increase level of dopamine) review

45. Cause of schizophrenia - Biological Enlarged brain ventricles Brain asymmetries Genetic predisposition – Identical twins have close to 50% relationship

46. Cause of schizophrenia - environmental Double binds – contradictory messags Diathesis stress model – environmental stressors trigger biological predisposition

47. Personality Disorders Well established, maladaptive ways of behaving Negatively affect people’s ability to function Antisocial personality disorder AvoidantObsessiveCompulsiveSchizoidSchizotypal BorderlineDependentParanoidNarcissisticHistrionic

48. Little regard for other people’s feelings World seen as a hostile place Criminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder

49. Other Psychological Disorders Paraphilia or Psychosexual disorder – Pedophilia – Zoophilia – Fetishism – Voyeur – Masochist – sadist

50. Other Psychological Disorders Eating disorder – Anorexia nervosa – bulimia – Obesity Substance Use disorder Substance dependence

51. Other Psychological Disorders Developmental Disorders – Autism – ADHD – Alzheimer’s disease

52. DSM IVR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) Diagnostic tool Rosenhan Study (1978) – do labels outlast their usefulness?