The Expansion of Industry

The Expansion of Industry

The Gilded Age Gilded means covered with thin layer of gold
Term used to describe the thin layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and corruption of much of society Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few, while many people were very poor.

Technological Revolution
technology is high priority Patents-owners have exclusive rights to make, use, and sell inventions 500,000 patents issued from Financing came from investors willing to take chance to make profit Stocks sold to raise capital Productivity increases standard of living

Edwin L. Drake Sent by Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co to drill for oil
Titusville, Pennsylvania Used steam powered engine 1859 struck oil Oil became major industry

Thomas Edison Got $40,000 bonus for improving stock ticker
Left job to be inventor (age 23) 1880 light bulb invented 1882 created power station that powered several buildings in NYC

Lewis Latimer Son of escaped slaves
Improved filament on light bulb to last longer than a few days Self-taught mechanical drawing Did patent drawing for Bell’s telephone Invented toilet that worked on moving trains Supervised construction of lighting system in NYC and other cities

George Westinghouse Used transformers and power stations to run electricity over long distances By ,000 power stations; 2 million homes in U.S. with power Invented air brakes for trains (safety improvement)

Electricity’s impact on life
Factories run 24/7 Sewing machines=ready made clothes Thousands of jobs, including women, children, immigrants Refrigeration Rural areas did not have electricity for decades (Alabama in 1930s)

telegraph Telegraph invented before Morse Morse patented it
Invented Morse code Granville Woods-used telegraph to communicate w/ moving train=fewer collisions

Time Zones Created to help reduce delays in train traveled
Called RR time

Why We Have Time-Zones.

Railroads and industry
Faster and practical-higher speeds/move more goods Lowered cost of production-received raw materials and transported finished products quicker Created national markets Model for big business Stimulation of other industries-ex. Iron rail for steel rails

Transcontinental Railroad
Funded by Congress Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, CA Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha, Nebraska Met at Promontory Point, Utah-golden spike Immigrant workers (many Chinese)

Bessemer Process Made it easier and cheaper to remove impurities from steel Made steel lighter, stronger, and more flexible Allowed for mass production of steel Allowed for building of Brooklyn Bridge-completed May 24, 1883

The Growth of Big Business

Big Business Robber barons
Made money by steeling from public/on backs of workers Drained natural resources Stretched laws Captains of Industry Served nation by building factories, schools, etc Increased productivity Created higher standard of living

Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth
Make as much money as you can and then give it away 80% of his wealth went toward some form of education Funded over 3000 free public libraries Gave over $350 million away during lifetime “The Workingman’s Prayer” Comparison.

Social Darwinism Government should not interfere in business
If left alone, fittest businesses would survive and become rich

Carnegie Steel Used vertical consolidation
Bought up all aspects of production Created larger profit margin for own company

Standard Oil Company Used horizontal consolidation
Used large size of company to negotiate lower prices for doing business Cut prices of oil to drive competition out of business Bought out many firms in the same business Created a trust

Sherman Antitrust Act Attempted to limit the control businesses would have over an industry Outlawed combining companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce Ineffective for 15 years: vague and large companies drug out court fights Used in reverse against labor unions

Immigrants/urbanization
Factories needed labor to function Immigrants and farmers moved to cities in large numbers to find work Workers were either paid piece work, by the job, or by the hour. Many sweatshops sprang up with horrible conditions and low wages

The Principles of Scientific Management
By Fredrick Winslow Taylor Designed to improve efficiency by breaking down tasks and increasing productivity

Work environment Difficult for farmers and immigrants to adapt to working by the clock Unsafe Child labor- 5% of labor force in 1880, one in five children age was employed Some children as young as 6 worked Social Darwinism supported bad conditions=poverty was result of weakness

The Great Strikes strike: to stop work as a coercive message
Why would workers strike? Workers’ wages too low to afford consumer products even though high productivity lowered prices Richest 9% control 75% of wealth Some believed that wealth should be equally distributed and turned to the socialist ideas of Marx and Engels

Labor Unions Knights of Labor-recruited skilled and unskilled laborers, African-Americans, women; led by Terrance Powderly; wanted eight hour workday, end of child labor; membership declined by 1890s due to violence American Federation of Labor- led by Samuel Gompers; organized skilled laborers only; used collective bargaining; closed shop Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Wobblies- organized unskilled workers, full of Socialists, violent strikes

Employers Feared Labor Unions
If paid higher wages and other demands, costs would rise and profits would fall Fired union members Yellow dog contracts Refused collective bargaining

Great RR Strike of 1877 Baltimore and Ohio RR company-10% wage cut & said would run double headers (lay off workers) Workers clashed with the company and with local militias Pres. Hayes sent in troops to restore order Rioters burned RR property ($5 mill damage) Federal and state govs sided w/ companies

Eugene V. Debs Instrumental in the formation of the American Railways Union, an industrial union, that replaced craft unions in railway industry Canton, Ohio Speech-Mark Ruffalo

Haymarket Riot 1886 McCormick Reaper factory
Riots b/t strikers and scabs Police killed several workers Anarchists joined strikers to protest actions of police at Haymarket Square Bomb thrown at police by anarchist, riot erupts, dozens dead Unions looked down upon by public as violent and anti-American

Homestead Strike, 1892 Carnegie Steel in Homestead, Penn
Henry Frick cut wages Frick used Pinkerton Security to put down strike Shoot out b/t Pinkerton and strikers left many dead Attempted assassination of Frick by anarchist Public outcry against union violence Carnegie Steel, later U.S. Steel, remained un-unionized until 1930s

Pullman Strike, 1894 Pullman Sleeping Car (RR) company
Had built town to house workers Company held tight control over town Cut wages, maintained rent/food prices Workers went on strike w/ aid of Debs and ARU; strikes prevented western mail delivery Co. turned to gov for help Used Sherman Anti-trust Act to say that union was preventing trade Pres. Grover Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops

Politics, Immigration, and Urban Life

Spoils System after winning an election, politician gives government jobs to supporters as a reward for working toward victory Often jobs given to people who were completely unqualified term was derived from the phrase "to the victor go the spoils."

Gilded Age Political Parties
Republicans Appealed to industrialists, bankers, eastern farmers, blacks, Favored tight money supply backed by gold, high tariffs to protect business, gov aid to RR, limits on immigration, and blue laws Democrats Less fortunate people, northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, western farmers Claimed to represent ordinary people Favored increase money supply backed by silver, lower tariffs on imported goods, higher farm prices, less gov aid to big business, fewer blue laws

Blue laws Laws forbidding “immoral” activities
For example: men and women could not live together before marriage, stores could not open on Sunday, liquor could not be sold on Sunday No prostitution

Reforming the Spoils System
1877 Rutherford B. Hayes elected presidents. Hayes refused to use the spoils system / Began to reform civil service jobs (non-elected jobs like postal carriers, civilian employees on military bases) fired Chester Arthur from the New York state Customs House.

1880 election Republicans split into Stalwarts, supporters of Conkling who supported the spoils system; Half-Breeds, followers of Senator James Blaine who wanted to reform the spoils system from w/i the Rep. party, and Independents who opposed the spoils system all together. Republicans nominated James A. Garfield, a Half-Breed, for president and Chester Arthur a Stalwart for Vice-President

Garfield assassinated!
Charles Guiteau shot the President. Garfield lay in the White House for weeks. Alexander Graham Bell tried unsuccessfully to find the bullet with device which he had designed. On September 19, 1881, died from an infection and internal hemorrhage. He had been president for 6 months and 15 days. The second shortest term in history.

Chester Arthur became President
Arthur had supported the spoils systems during his campaign After becoming president supported civil service reform Used death of Garfield to push through the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which created the Civil Service Commission to test applicants for government jobs. Jobs would now be based on merit, not favor.

1884 presidential election
Campaign focused on scandals rather than issues Cleveland opponents said that he had fathered child out of wedlock Cleveland became the first Dem elected pres since 1856, despite scandal, thanks to the mugwumps, a group of Republicans that decided that Blaine was too corrupt to support.

Ma, Ma, Ma, where’s my Pa? He’s in Washington. Ha! Ha! Ha!

Grover Cleveland Favored tight money policy, which favored big business (this is normally a republican policy) Oppose high tariffs Took back 80 acres of RR land Supported RR regulation

Railroad Regulation Munn vs. Illinois 1887 allowed states to regulate RR practices w/i their borders Most RR traffic crossed state lines any lawyers for RR said that only fed gov could regulate interstate commerce *** established the constitutional practice of public regulation of private business that serves the public interest

1887 Interstate Commerce Act
Allowed gov to regulate RR Rates had to be set in proportion to distance traveled, outlawed special rates, outlawed free tickets. Set up Interstate Commerce Commission, but it was very weak. Lost most cases that it tried in court (15 out of 16 b/t )

Cleveland lost to Rep Benjamin Harrison Harrison favored higher tariff and won business support Made choices as president that harmed the economy (pensions to Civil War soldiers, and high tariffs)

Grover Cleveland became the only president in U.S. history elected to two non-consecutive terms 1893 Panic-millions of workers lost jobs, wages cut, gov offered no help Coxey’s Army marched on Washington D.C. to demand that the gov create jobs

1896 election Cleveland did not win his party’s nomination; Republicans nominated William McKinley William Jennings Bryan nominated by both Populists and Democrats McKinley won due to support from the urban workers and the middle class; won a second term in 1890 on the slogan “a full dinner pail” (prosperity)

McKinley’s assassination
On Sept. 6, 1901, McKinley was at the Temple of Music, greeting the public. Leon Frank Czolgosz waited in line with a pistol in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. at 4:07 P.M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president. The first bullet grazed the president’s shoulder. The second went through McKinley's stomach, colon, and kidney, and finally lodged in the muscles of his back.

What happened to Czolgosz?
Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was electrocuted at Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901.

Immigrant Experience Between 1865 and 1890, 10 million people entered the US Individuals hope for personal liberties /social mobility education, cheap land, and religious freedom

majority of immigrants traveled in steerage
at first men came alone to establish themselves in the New Country men were called “birds of passage”

Leaving their homes required great courage.
The voyage across was often miserable. Most immigrants could afford only the cheapest accommodations Ship owners jammed up to 2000 people on the ships In these close quarters, disease is spread rapidly. Diseases like the measles infected many immigrants. 53

Political and religious persecution pushed many people to leave their homes. In the late 1800s, the Russian government supported pogroms, organized attacks on Jewish villages. Millions of Jews fled Russia and Eastern Europe to settle in American cities. 54

Ellis Island and Angel Island
70% came through Ellis (European descent) Asians enter through Angel Island in San Francisco or through Seattle Faced quarantine for disease After 1890 huge shift in where immigrants came from=most now from eastern and southern Europe

THE IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE: 1820-1980
South/East Europe 10000 Germany Scandinavia 8000 Latin America Asia British Isles 6000 Immigration in 1000s 4000 2000 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Push Factors Pull Factors +1840s: Irish Potato Famine +Economic Opportunity : Overpopulation, War +Political/Religious Freedom +Recent: Overpopulation, War, Oppression +Land Availability

Statue of Liberty welcomed immigrants on Manhattan Island through the “Golden Door” after 1886.
57

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Ellis Island-immigrants faced the dreaded medical inspection
Ellis Island-immigrants faced the dreaded medical inspection. Doctors examined eyes, ears and throats. The sick were quarantined to keep the disease from spreading. Officials had only minutes to check each new arrival. 59

Angel Island Chief port of entry for Chinese immigrants from whose entry was excluded but for some exceptions The Chinese on Angel Island spent weeks, months, even years detained Angel Island’s purpose was to keep immigrants out Erika Lee, At America’s Gate

Detention Men and women—even husband and wife—were separated until they were admitted

Many immigrants heard stories that the streets of the United States were paved with gold. Once in the United States, the newcomers had to adjust their dreams to reality. They immediately set out to find work. Through friends, relatives, labor contractors, and employment agencies they found jobs. 62

Dream vs. Reality ***How did the dream of the immigrant contrast sharply with the reality of the experience?

***Immigrants adjusted to their new lives by settling in neighborhoods with their own ethnic group, usually at port of entry. 64

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882
This act provided 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law denied entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities. It was not repealed until 1943.

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882 Chinese immigrants worked for low wages.
Labor groups pressured politicians to restrict Asian immigration. Banned all but a few Chinese immigrants. Not lifted until 1943.

Impact of Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 1869 1902 1892 1943

GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT:
Japan stop sending immigrants if schools stop segregating Asian students

MEXICANS COME TO U.S. TOO Some became U.S. citizens when the nation acquired Mexican territory in 1848 as a result of the Mexican War. About 1 million Mexicans arrived b/w 1910 to 1930 to escape turmoil in their country. U.S. needed workers after severe limitations placed on other workers from Asia

Urbanization If you are an immigrant, is your life at all like what you expected in America? What were you “promised”? What did you actually find?

Rural to Urban migration
Migration to the cities occurs in the early 1900s as a result of the technology that is present on the farm. Not as many farmhands are needed to accomplish the work.

City Life Many poor families crowded into the cities oldest sections. Middle-class people lived father out in row houses or new apartment buildings. Beyond them, the rich built fine homes with green lawns and trees. 72

streets were jammed with people, horses, pushcarts, and garbage
Poor families: crowed slums streets were jammed with people, horses, pushcarts, and garbage living space limited so builders devised new kind of apartment to hold more people put up buildings six or seven stories high=tenements w/no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms Typhoid and cholera and raged for the tenants. Tuberculosis was the biggest killer. 73

Dumbbell Apartments

Dumbbell Apartments Jacob Riis wrote “How the Other Half Lives”

hard times of prejudice and violence blacks headed to northern cities
African Americans: hard times of prejudice and violence blacks headed to northern cities 1890’s, the south side of Chicago had a thriving African-American community. Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities had growing African American neighborhoods. 76

Urbanization - Sanitation
Horse manure piled up on streets Sewage flowed through open gutters Factory smoke filled the air Garbage was dumped in the streets (no formal trash collection)

Urbanization - Fire Building materials were flammable
No fire departments No water Overcrowding Fires occurred in every major city (2 major examples): Chicago (1871): 24 hours, 250 ppl died, 100,000 homeless, 3 sq mi destroyed, $2 bil in damages, 18,000 buildings destroyed San Francisco (1906): 4 days, 1,000 ppl died, 200,000 left homeless, 5 sq mi destroyed, $500 mil in damages, 28,000 buildings destroyed

Political Machine Organized group that controlled the activities
of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Ward Boss Local Precinct Workers And Captains City Boss

Political Machine continued
Precinct Workers – Worked to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood and reported to the ward boss. Ward Boss – Helped the poor and gained votes by doing favors or providing services. In return for votes they would provide city jobs, contracts or appointments. City Boss – Controlled thousands of municipal jobs, including police, fire and sanitation departments. Controlled business licenses and inspections. Had a lot of influence over courts and other municipal agencies.

Boss Tweed Thomas Nast’s cartoons in Harper’s Weekly helped strip Tweed of his power Tweed was charged with fraud and extortion His machine was dismantled Mr. Tweed is quoted as telling Nast at one point that "Let's stop pictures. I don't care so much what the papers write about me -- my constituents can't read, but it, they can see pictures.” Thomas Nast: The Impact of proper Journalism

Section 4 REFORMERS HELP THE POOR:
Social Gospel movement…Early reform program. Leaders preached that people reached salvation by helping the poor. Attack causes of poverty and vice, not blame poor

Social Gospel preached charity and justice.
Labor reform English classes Child care Clothing Established settlement houses

Settlement houses Usually founded by college educated men and women
Community centers to serve needs Founders lived in poor neighborhoods Most famous was Hull House, founded by Jane Addams

Nativism The new immigrants were not as eager to become “Americanized” as earlier immigrants Nativists believed that Anglo-Saxon Protestants were superior to all other ethnic groups The Immigration Restriction Act, 1897, required literacy tests in English before entry into the US Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 severely limited immigration from Europe and Asia

Temperance Movement Sought to ban alcohol
Seen as root of evil, poverty, abuse 3 major groups supported Prohibition, or the legal banning of alcohol: Prohibition Party, Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement, Anti-Saloon League Maine=1st “dry” state

Carry Nation Most famous prohibitionist
Famous for smashing bars with hatchet and Bible Blamed alcohol for links b/t saloons, immigrants, and political bosses

Purity Crusaders Vice became big business in cities
Gambling, alcohol, prostitution, drugs Tried to end “vice” in community; take back the neighborhood. Result: laws like the Comstock Law that prohibited the sending of obscene material through the mail, like birth control info Remember Victoria Woodhull?

Populism and Politics 1877-1900
Nationwide interest in politics Shaped largely by two major parties Many divisions in politics in late 1800s Suffrage? Local concerns over national concerns Success attributed to Party loyalty

Voters in this “Democracy?”
Immigrants? African-Americans in North and South? Again the Political parties are directly involved. Remember what we discussed about voting in the 19th century? So which party was dominate? Hence the importance of these intense campaigns. Not about the economy during this time period. Most communities were party loyal. Why do you think?

The Presidency: A Long Way from King Andrew
Weak and Restricted. Why do you think? Remember President Johnson? Also President Grant-always deferring to Congress And finally… Republicans-Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur Democrat-Cleveland (Maybe the only exception-VETO) Republican-Harrison Remember the Zinn Reading: Conservative-Proposed very little, with good reason…different position.

What About Congress? Powerful but inefficient Hit me!
Also, why having an even political playing field cause problems? What measures were in place to prevent passing reform? Some centralization required due to increased business before Congress; Remember nationalizing economy. Speaker of the House

State Governments Closer to people-Regulatory power Collected taxes
State constitutions restricted public authority Gradually expanded their role…again due to the economy Regulate industries All were not effective…especially in the South Important: Public responsibility for social welfare and economic life. Leads to Federal Regulation.

Farmers suffered financially due to economic and natural causes
Drought, boll weevils, debt, tenant farming Farmers were against the high tariffs that had been passed to help businesses. High tariffs hurt farmers: raised the price of manufactured goods, like farm machines and European countries retaliated by raising the tariff on farm crops.

The Illustrious Life of the Tariff
Tariffs protected manufactured goods in the United States by placing a tax on imported goods. Farmers saw tariffs as proof that the government favored businesses in the Northeast.

Money Issue Farmers favored inflation which was directly tied to the money supply (how much money is in circulation). Inflation caused the price of farm goods to increase. It also helped farmers who had borrowed money. Deflation helped people who loaned money. Less money in circulation meant that loaners would receive payments that were worth more than the money they loaned.

Monetary policy Should the government decrease the amount of money in circulation or increase??
The government had to decide if the monetary policy of the United States would be based on gold or silver. In 1873, the government decided to use gold as the standard for which was supposed to stabilize the economy and prevent inflation. This act favored lenders (“gold bugs") who would be paid back with currency based on the amount of gold held by the government.

“Silverites” Mostly silver miners and western farmers
Farmers were hurt by the gold standard and “deflation”. They favored, free silver, or the unlimited coining of silver to increase the money supply.

Bland-Allison Act 1878 Required federal gov to coin more silver
Vetoed by Pres. Hayes; would cause inflation Over ridden by Congress Limited effect b/c gov refused to coin more than the minimum amount of silver

Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890
Forced gov. to purchase and coin more silver Gold reserves dwindled; caused Panic Remember who actually had gold? Zinn Reading? Cleveland blamed Silver Purchase Act; and saw to the repeal of the Act in 1893, the year of the worst economic Panic

The Grange Organization to help farmers Founded by Oliver Kelley
Bought goods in large quantities at lower prices Pressured state legislators for policies favorable to farmers; RR regulation, etc.

Interstate Commerce Act
Passed under pressure from farmers to regulate RR Signed by Cleveland in 1887 Regulated RR prices charged to ship goods b/t states, outlawed special rates, outlawed free tickets to politicians

The Populists Nickname for the People’s Party
Formed by farmers and workers to demand change in government economic and social policy Wanted: increase in $ circulation, unlimited minting of silver, progressive income tax, gov. ownership of communication and transportation systems Advocated 8 hr work day Wanted to united black and white farmers to support to same causes

William Jennings Bryan
Made “Cross of Gold” speech… “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!” Nominated by both Democrats and Populist for President Won in West and South, but did not win election because he could not carry the heavily urbanized and industrialized Midwestern and northern states. They feared inflation due to free silver. Even though Bryan lost election, Populist ideas lived on in the Democratic Party

Chapter 21 The Progressive Reform Era

The Early Twentieth Century
The Populists Movement? Legacy? Encouraged change through politics Populism=Progressives Similar Goals: Direct Election of Senators Opposition to Monopolies Dominant period Difference? Populists vs. Progressives

The Progressive Movement
Why did populism fail? Why were the progressives successful? Answer: Money, time, influence, and… Most important? Remember sectionalism Progressive=Northern and Middle Class Success similar to reformers in 1830s

Key Progressive Measures
W.E.B. DuBois (NAACP) Feminist Movement-Sanger. Nineteenth Amendment Robert LaFollette-State leaders…leader. Increased voter power: Ballot initiative Referendum Recall Election Workplace Improvement

Key “Progressive” Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt “Trustbuster” Food and Drug Administration National Parks Protecting Land

William Howard Taft Two Key Amendments: Sixteenth Amendment…Anyone? Seventeenth Amendment…Anyone? Also attacked trusts

Woodrow Wilson 1912-Monumental Election Reminiscent of Hamilton vs. Jefferson New Nationalism vs. New Freedom Complex Figure…like so many others. The “Progressive” Presidents and the Era that defined them.-Clip

The Turning Point Remember Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and John Locke? What about their views on government? Progressive Era- Turning point in government involvement. For example, Prohibition. Wilson gets away from Jefferson Fed. Gov responsible for protecting man’s freedom Roosevelt, Wilson, and trusts… Wilson’s view of government’s role: Restore competition How? Remember the tariff issue?

Key “Wilsonian” Creations
Federal Trade Commission Clayton Anti-trust Act-1914 Federal Reserve System Key Question: How long did “Progressivism” last? “Goodbye to all that.” “A beautiful shade of red comrade.” Did it eat itself?

At the end of the 1800s, problems resulting from rapid
industrialization, immigration, and urban growth spurred the creation of many reform movements during what is known as the Progressive Era. This period lasted from

Children in New York slums, 1900

"In a room not thirteen feet either way slept twelve men and women, two or three in bunks set in a sort of alcove, the rest on the floor. A kerosene lamp burned dimly in the fearful atmosphere, probably to guide other and later arrivals to their 'beds' for it was only just past midnight....one of hundreds of unlicensed lodging houses...a Bayard St. tenement...shelter for 'five Cents a Spot.'" Photo by flashlight, 1888, used as the basis for an illustration in Riis' "How the Other Half Lives."

The "spacious" grounds surrounding tenement living
This photo shows the general unsanitary conditions of the tenements. There are not enough garbage boxes as the landlords are not made (by law) to supply enough. The first house on the right is a small dilapidated, single-family frame house now housing three families

Roots of reform came from earlier movements like nativism, prohibition, purity crusades, social gospel philosophy, and settlement houses. Governments had expanded some city services, but corruption in business and government kept those benefits from reaching the people that needed help the most. Private charities and social organizations could not solve problems on such a large scale. Lodging house , 1872

Goals of the Progressive Era
Why were progressives from the middle class and not immigrant, poor, working class people? Goals of the Progressive Era Governments should do all of the following: Be accountable to its citizens Curb the power of wealthy special interests Expand powers to improve the lives of all citizens 4. Become more efficient and less corrupt *This is the first time that citizens had looked to the government to solve their problems and assume responsibility for their welfare.

Journalists and other writers influenced public opinion and government policy.
Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty said that poverty remained because land speculators bought and then held onto land until the price rose “Single tax” clubs sprang up and supported Henry George’s ideas.

Edward Bellamy wrote a book called Looking Backward in 1888 about a Boston man who was hypnotized in 1887 and woke up in The man found that America had become a utopian society where the government had taken over all companies with the goal of restructuring them to meet human needs. Utopia-an imaginary place where everyone lives in harmony; a place where everything is right and for the best.

The term muckraker was used by Theodore Roosevelt to describe journalists and writers who wrote about corruption in business and politics. Upon reading Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, Teddy Roosevelt wrote the author, “the specific evils you point out shall, if their existence be proved, and if I have power, be eradicated.

Packingtown-from Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Workers walk over the meat and put it back into the line to be processed. Rats will crawl over the meat and workers will spread poison around for them to die. When the rats have been killed, the rats and the leftover poison will then be packed together in the meat.

The Shame of Cities by Lincoln Steffens exposed political corruption in major cities like St. Louis, Philadelphia, and New York. It focused on how political machines controlled the vote. From The Shame of Cities

Ida Tarbell wrote The History of Standard Oil to reveal the abuses committed by the Standard Oil Trust.

Union membership grew very slowly in the 1890s
The Labor Movement Union membership grew very slowly in the 1890s courts on the side of big business issued an injunction, a court order that prohibits certain activities, to prevent workers from going on strike Pinkerton Guards escort strikebreakers (scabs)

Some workers attracted to socialism, an economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. American socialists wanted to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and have government ownership of American industries. 1901 Socialist Party of America formed Won about 1000 city government offices by 1912 Most Americans against socialism and still favored capitalism!!

Emma Goldman: An Exceedingly Dangerous Woman

“What is patriotism?” A Menace to Liberty
The last refuge of scoundrels Sandra Oh Reading.

Many women believed that they had to have the right to vote in order to institute progressive reforms that they believed in.

Women and children faced horrible conditions in factories
Many women’s organizations sought to reform the workplace Child textile worker Many women work in crowded factories, such as this lock and drill department in Ohio in 1902 Child mine worker

The Lowell Mill Girls

Florence Kelley-against child labor
Florence Kelley was the daughter of a United States congressman. She studied at Cornell University and the University of Zurich. While in Europe she became a follower of Marx and Engels. Kelley moved to New York City where she married a fellow member of the Socialist Labor Party. The marriage was not a success and in December 1891 she left him and moved to Chicago with her three children. Soon after arriving in Chicago, she joined Jane Addams’s Hull House. Kelley was placed in charge of investigating labor conditions in Chicago. Because of her efforts, in 1893 Illinois passed a law prohibiting child labor, limiting working hours for women, and regulating sweatshop conditions. When she became frustrated that the attorney general would not enforce the law, she earned a law degree to take action herself. Later in life she would fight tirelessly to improve health conditions for women and children

Mary Harris “Mother” Jones
With miner children With President Coolidge Mother Jones’s husband and four children died in a yellow fever epidemic. She then lost everything that she had in the Chicago fire in She was forced to go to work to support herself. It was then that she appealed to the Knights of Labor for help and took on their cause of improving working conditions. She organized unions for both men and women. She became best known for her work improving mining conditions in West Virginia and Colorado. Well into her eighties, she was still making pro-union speeches. In 1905 she helped to found the International Workers of the World (IWW).

From Mother Jones’s autobiography
In one mill, I got a day-shift job. On my way to work I met a woman coming home from night work. She had a tiny bundle of a baby in her arms. "How old is the baby?" "Three days. I just went back this morning. The boss was good and saved my place." "When did you leave?" "The boss was good; he let me off early the night the baby was born." "What do you do with the baby while you work?" "Oh, the boss is good and he lets me have a little box with a pillow in it beside the loom. The baby sleeps there and when it cries, I nurse it.“ From Mother Jones’s autobiography Mother Jones Reading Veteran labor organizer “Mother” Mary Jones, age 88, urges steel workers to vote “Yes” for a strike against the steel corporations

Progressives often met with resistance from the very people that they were trying to help.
Poor people needed their children to work to help support the family If progressives succeeded in outlawing child labor, many families would have to survive on even less money. Some people did not believe that it was the government’s responsibility to be so involved in the lives of its citizens- that the government should not interfere in housing, health care, and even moral issues like alcohol consumption.

Progressive legislation

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
March 25, 1911, New York City Employees were mostly young Italian and Jewish girls Fire was fed by fabric and trash Doors and window were locked to prevent women from taking breaks Fire escape was old and in disrepair and collapsed when women piled onto it. Fire department ladders not long enough to reach upper floors where women worked Water pressure would not reach upper floors 146 workers died

Few of the terrified workers on the 9th floor knew that a fire escape was hidden behind iron window shutters The ladder descended next to the building forcing those fleeing to climb down through flames Other shutters stuck open across their path Design had been deemed inadequate and the material from which it was made was insubstantial After a few made their way down, the heat of the fire and weight of the people caused the ladder to twist and collapse

Fire fighters arrived soon after the alarm was sounded but ladders only reached the 6th floor and pumps could not raise water to the highest floors of the 10-story building. Still the fire was quickly controlled and was essentially extinguished in half an hour. In this fire-proof building, 146 men, women, and children lost their lives and many others were seriously injured.

Protesting voices arose, bewildered and angry at the lack of concern and the greed that had made this possible. Outraged cries called for action to improve the unsafe conditions in workshops.

Max Blank and Isaac Harris, owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, were indicted on April 11th in the death of Margaret Schwartz. The trial began 8 months later only to finish in 18 days. The task of the jurors had been to determine whether the owners knew that the doors were locked at the time of the fire. On December 27th factory owners were acquitted of responsibility. Three years later 23 individual suits were settled at a rate of $75 per death.

Aberstein, Julia 30 - Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - March 27, 1911 Adler, Lizzie 24 324 East 6th Street NYT - March 27, 1911 Altman, Anna 16 33 Pike Street Ardito, Anna 25 509 East 13th Street Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - April 2, 1911 Astrowsky, Becky 20 108 Delancey Street Bassino, Rosie 31 57 West Houston Street NYT - March 28, 1911 Belatta, Vincenza 625 Washington Street, Hoboken, NJ Bellotta, Ignazia Triangle Fire by L. Stein Benanti, Vincenza 22 17 Marlon Street Her cousin Tessa Benanti, who also worked at Triangle, survived the fire. Bernstein, Essie 19 77 Essex Street Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - March 28, 1911 Bernstein, Jacob 28 224 East 13th Street Bernstein, Morris 309 East 5th Street Bernstein, Moses 800 East 5th Street NYT - March 26, 1911 Bierman, Gussie 8 Rivington Street Binevitz, Abraham 474 Powell Street, Brooklyn Brenman, Rosie 257 East 3rd Street NYT - March 31, 1911 Brenman, Surka (Sarah) Brodsky, Ida d Street Brodsky, Sarah 21 205 East 99th Street Brooks, Ida 18 126 Graham Avenue, Brooklyn Brunette, Laura 17 160 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Caputta 81 Degraw Street, Brooklyn Carlisi, Josephina 502 East 12th Street Caruso, Albina 21 New Bowery Harris, Esther 131 Chester Street, Brooklyn NYT - March 27/28,1911 broken back coming down elevator chute Herman, Mary 40 511 5th Street A. McFarlane, "Fire and the Skyscraper" McClure’s Magazine Sept., 1911; NYT - March 28, 1911 Jakobowski, Ida "The Washington Fire Place" The Independent, April 20, 1911 Kaplan woman Keober Kessler, Becky Klein, Jacob 23 1301 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn (120 Stanton Street) March 26 and 28,1911 — NYT; "The Washington Fire Place" The Independent, April 20, 1911 Konowitz, Ida 238 Clinton Street Kupla, Sara 1503 Webster Avenue, Brooklyn fracture of right leg; St. Vincent's Hospital (3/26) Launswold, Fannie Lefkowitz, Nettie 27 East 3rd Street Lehrer, Max 114 Essex Street Lehrer, Sam Leone, Kate 14 515 East 11th Street Lermack, Rosie D. 177 East 100th Street Leventhal, Mary 604 Sutter Place, Brooklyn Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - April 1, 1911 Levin, Jennie Levine, Abe Brooklyn NYT — March 26, 1911 Levine, Max Levine, Pauline 380 South 4th Street NYT — March 27, 1911 Maltese, Catherine Triangle Fire by L. Stein; Maltese, Lucia 35 2nd Avenue Maltese, Rosalie(Rosari) Manara, Mrs. Maria 27 227 East 28th Street Manofsky, Rose 412 East 74th Street multiple injuries; Bellevue Hospital Marciano, Mrs. Michela 272 Bleecher Street Mayer, Minnie Meyers, Yetta 11 Rivington Street March 30,1911-NYT Miale, Bettina 135 Sullivan Street Miale, Frances Midolo, Gaetana 8 Commerce Street NYT — March 28, 1911 Nebrerer, Becky 10 or 19 Clinton Street operator,fractured right leg and arm, burned body; New York Hospital Nicholas, Annie 126 East 110th Street died; New York Hospital Nicolose, Nicolina (Michelina) 440 East 13th Street Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - March 26, 1911 Novobritsky, Annie 143 Madison Street Nussbaum (Nausbaum), Sadie 641 East 6th Street Oberstein, Julia 53 Avenue A Oringer, Rose died; St. Vincent's Hospital Ozzo, Carrie 1990 2nd Avenue died of multiple injuries; Bellevue Hospital Pack, Annie 747 East 5th Street Panno, Mrs. Providenza 48 49 Stanton Street NYT - March 29, 1911 Pasqualicca, Antonietta Pearl, Ida 355 East 4th Street Pildescu, Jennie 515 East 7th Street Pinello, Vincenza 136 Chrystie Street Poliny, Jennie 152 East 3rd Street Prato, Millie 93 Macdougal Street Reivers, Becky 215 Madison Street Robinowitz, Abraham jumped from 8th story; crushed to death Rootstein, Emma NYT - April 1,1911 Rosen, Israel Rosen, Julia(widow) 35 78 Clinton Street Rosen, Louis (or Leob) 38 174 Attorney Street surviving family Rosenbaum, Yetta 802 East Houston Street Rosenberg, Jennie 242 Broome Street Rosenfeld, Gussie 414 East 16th Street Rosenthal, Nettie 104 Monroe Street Rother, R Rother, Theodore 1991 Washington Avenue, Bronx Sabasowitz, Sarah 202 Avenue B Salemi, Sophie 74 (174) Cherry Street (3/26/11) Triangle Fire by L. Stein; NYT - March 29, 1911 Saracino, Sara Saracino, Serafina 118 East 119th Street Saracino, Tessie Schechter, Violet 740 East 5th Street The name appears in various newspapers as Schochep. Schiffman, Gussie 535 East 59th Street Schmidt, Mrs. Theresa 32 141 1st Avenue Schneider, Mrs. Ethel 95 Monroe Street Schwartz, Margaret Selzer, Jacob 33 510 East 136th Street Shapiro, Rosie 149 Henry Street Shena, Catherine Sklaver, Berel (Sklawer, Bennie) 169 Monroe Street NYT - March 27, 1911; "The Washington Fire Place" The Independent, April 20, 1911 Sorkin, Rosie 382 Georgia Avenue, E. New York Spear man Sprunt Spunt, Gussie 823 East 8th Street Starr, Mrs. Annie 734 East 9th Street Stein, Jennie 120 East 3rd Street Stellino, Jennie 315 Bowery Stiglitz, Jennie 231 East 13th Street Tabick, Samuel 513 East 148th Street Terdanova (Terranova), Clotilde 104 President Street, Brooklyn Tortorella, Isabella 116 Thompson Street Ullo, Mary 437 East 12th Street Utal, Meyer 163 Chrystie Street Velakowsky(Vilakowsky), Freda(Freida) 639 East 123th Street fracture of right leg and arm; New York Hospital Vivlania, Bessie 15 352 East 54th Street Vovobritsky, Annie Weinduff, Sally 187 Ludlow Street Weiner, Rose 119 East 8th Street NYT - March 26 and 28,1911 Weintraub, Celia Weintraub, Sally (Sarah?) NYT - March 26 and 27,1911; A. McFarlane, "Fire and the Skyscraper" McClure’s Magazine Sept., 1911 Welfowitz, Dora 116 Division Wilson, Joseph 528 Green Street, Philadelphia Wisner, Tessie 129 2nd Avenue Wisotsky, Sonia 303 East 8th Avenue Wondross, Bertha 205 Henry Street right leg broken, internal injuries; St. Vincent Hospital Zeltner

Remembering the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

William Howard Taft

Progressivism under Taft
Promised to follow progressive lead of TR TR had placed Gifford Pinchot, a strong conservative, over the US Forest Service Taft placed Ballinger, a man that supported business, over the Department of Interior. Ballinger allowed a businesses to take possession of coal rich land in Alaska that was set aside as public lands Pinchot complained publicly about Ballinger and Taft fired Pinchot

Taft a failure as a Progressive President?
Roosevelt returned from Africa and was furious about the job Taft was doing Taft was not excited about continuing with another term in the Presidency

Election of 1912 Roosevelt sought the nomination from the Republican party but did not get it The Progressive (Bull Moose) Party created; Roosevelt presidential candidate Supported: women’s suffrage, child labor ban, worker’s compensation, and direct election of senators Basics of Election-Clip

Wilson: 42% Popular Vote T. Roosevelt 27% Popular Vote
Taft: % Popular Vote Debs % Popular Vote

Woodrow Wilson-1912 President of Princeton University; religious man
Underwood Tariff -removed high tariffs To make up for lost income to the country- passed the 16th amendment for collecting federal income tax Clayton Anti Trust Act made Sherman Anti Trust stronger by protecting unions Created the Federal Trade Commission to watch businesses to make sure they were behaving and not attempting to become powerful monopolies Federal Reserve System to control cash flow and help stop economic panic

WILSON HAS BIG PLANS Progressive “New Freedom” platform

WILSON’S FAULTS Did not support Civil Rights
Allowed bathrooms to be segregated again at the White House Did not support Women’s Suffrage

“Dear Mr. Adams…”

The Women Get Organized
1st organization of women: Seneca Falls New York Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony will join the movement Susan B. Anthony argued that the 14th amendment gave women the right to vote

14th Amendment Amendment XIV
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Susan B. Anthony In the 1800s, women in the United States had few legal rights and did not have the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony was arrested for casting an illegal vote in the presidential election of She was tried and then fined $100 but refused to pay.

3 ways to possibly acquire the vote
14th amendment Each state pass a law allowing for women’s suffrage A Constitutional Amendment so that every state would then have to recognize the amendment to the “Law of the Land”

NAWSA: National American Women’s Suffrage Association
NAWSA continued to fight a state by state campaign and push for an amendment to the Constitution along with the Congressional Union

Congressional Union Lucy Burns and Alice Paul tried new tactics in their fight for suffrage They burned speeches Wilson had made Picketed the White House Were arrested and started hunger strikes in jail ALICE PAUL

19TH AMENDMENT WAS PASSED IN 1920

“Not for Ourselves” Ken Burns- Overview of Women’s Suffrage-
(Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony)

The Expansion of Industry

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