1. Finnish Urban School Teacher's Evaluations on Principals Emotional Leadership Competencies Petri Nokelainen and Kirsi Tirri University of Helsinki, Finland Pekka Ruohotie University of Tampere, Finland

2. Outline 1.Introduction Research Questions 2.Theoretical Framework 3.Method 4.Results 5.Discussion

3. 1. Introduction Leadership as a social process, affecting both end products and personnel emotions, is seldom studied. Emotional Intelligence (EI) research has recently become one of the most important constructs in modern psychological research. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

4. 1. Introduction EI refers to the competence to identify, express and understand emotions, assimilate emotions in thought, and regulate both positive and negative emotions in one and others (Matthews, Zeidner & Roberts, 2002). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5. 1. Introduction In this paper, we use the term Emotional Leadership (EL) to describe school principals’ EI capabilities as leaders. We study with an empirical sample (N = 124) how Finnish schoolteachers evaluate their principals EL competencies. This paper focuses on teachers responses, leaving out other school personnel, students and their parents. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 1. Introduction Emotional Leadership Questionnaire (ELQ) measures leader’s EL as perceived by his/her subordinates. ELQ is based on Daniel Goleman’s and his colleagues (2002) four domain model of emotional intelligence: (1) self-awareness, (2) self- management, (3) social awareness and (4) relationship management. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

7. Research Questions RQ 1: What are teachers’ evaluations on their principals EL competencies? RQ 2: Is the variable structure of the ELQ related to the theoretical EI model? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

8. 2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Emotional Intelligence 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing Emotional Leadership Competencies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

9. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence Howard Gardner’s theory about multiple intelligences (MI) builds on a concept of ‘intelligence’, which he defines as “the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings” (Gardner, 1983, x). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

10. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence Reuven Bar-On developed in 1998 the concept of emotional quotient (EQ) in order to evaluate person’s emotional intelligence (EI). According to Bar-On (EQ Symposium, 2004), EI is “an array of noncognitive capabilities, competencies, and skills that influence one's ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures”. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

11. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence According to Peter Salovey and John Mayer (1990), emotional intelligence is “a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide ones thinking and action.” Their EI model has five domains: (1) self- awareness, (2) self-management, (3) motivation, (4) empathy and (5) social skills (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

12. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman popularised the term claiming that EI was “as powerful and at times more powerful than IQ” in predicting life success (1995, 34). In his four-domain model motivation is merged into other four domains (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2002, 253-256). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

13. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence The theory as formulated by Salovey and Mayer (1990; Mayer & Salovey, 1997) framed EI within a model of intelligence. Goleman’s model formulates EI in terms of a theory of performance (1998b) as he argues (2001) that an EI-based theory has a direct applicability to the domain of work and organizational effectiveness, particularly predicting excellence in jobs of all kinds, from sales to leadership. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

14. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence Goleman aimed to show in his studies that emotional and social factors are important (1995; 1998a), but his “views on EI often went far beyond the evidence available” (Brackett, Lopes, Ivcevic, Pizarro, Mayer & Salovey, 2004). A recent study showed that the most popular EI and ability measures are only related at r <.22, i.e., sharing only about five per cent of common variance (Brackett & Mayer, 2003). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

15. 2.1 Emotional Intelligence Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee further state (2002, 38) that EI characteristics are not innate talents, but learned abilities and, thus, the emotional task of the leader is primal, i.e., both the original and the most important act of leadership. They state that, as people rely on connections with other people (open limbic system) for their emotional stability, leader has the power to sway them towards resonance (to bring out everyone’s best) or dissonance (to drive emotions negatively). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

16. 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence Gerald Matthews, Moshe Zeidner and Richard Roberts (2002) classify EI measurement instruments into two main categories: performance-based and self-reported tests. The most prominent performance-based tests are developed by John Mayer, Peter Salovay, and colleagues (MEIS and MSCEIT, see e.g., Mayer, Caruso & Salovey, 2000). However, as the purpose of this paper is to present the ELQ instrument, our focus is on the self-report measures of EI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

17. 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence Matthews and his colleagues (2002) have done a seminal review of both performance-based and self-reported EI instruments. They state that there are an abundance of self- report measures of EI, but only a few, including Reuven Bar-On's EQ-i, are built on published empirical studies. –However, when a factor analysis was ran on the basis of the normative correlations provided by Bar-On (1997), they noticed that the reliable variance of the EQ-i can only be attributed to three (instead of ten or fifteen) constructs: self-esteem, empathy, and impulse control. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

18. 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence Matthews and his colleagues concluded that "the close relationships between EQ and various measures of personality and psychopathology suggest that EI, as assessed by the EQ-i, has actually been under investigation for decades" (2002, 213). Further, referring to work of Newsome, Day, and Catano (2000), they stated that as neither EQ-i total score nor factor scores predicted academic achievement or cognitive ability, there is not enough evidence to justify it as a valid instrument for personnel selection. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

19. 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence According to Matthews and his colleagues (2002), the lack of research evidence is also a problem with another popular EI paradigm, Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI), developed by Daniel Goleman (see, e.g., Goleman, 1995; 1998a). They evaluated the ECI model at conceptual level, as there was no factor or cluster analysis supporting the derivation of factors available in the scientific literature. They concluded that "the ECI is likely.. (to) have some utility" (Matthews et al., 2002, 218). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

20. 2.2 Measuring Emotional Intelligence Matthews and his colleagues synthesize that EI self-report measures assess emotional competence rather than intelligence as they relate to person’s experience of emotion and behaviour in emotionally challenging circumstances. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

21. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Self-regulation is characterized by Barry Zimmerman and Magda Campillo (2003, 238) as “self-generated thoughts, feelings, and actions that are planned and cyclically adapted for the attainment of personal goals.” Self-regulation (or conative constructs) intermediates between person’s cognitive and affective attributes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

22. Taxonomy of Individual Difference Constructs (Snow, Corno & Jackson, 1996, 247.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

23. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Gregory Schraw (1998) points out that an interesting activity-related control strategy, metacognition (or ‘metacognitive skills’), has two components: the knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition. –Knowledge of cognition is about one’s own knowledge and reasoning ability (‘metaknowledge’). –Regulation of cognition is understanding the possibilities and limits of one’s competencies in specific situations (‘metacompetence’). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

24. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Components of metacognition interact with both motivation and emotion (Ruohotie, 2004). Margarita Limón Luque (2003) uses the terms ‘meta-motivation’ and ‘meta-emotion’ to refer to the knowledge and regulation of one’s motivation and emotions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

25. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Marja-Liisa Malmivuori states that within self- system processes, emotions activate various self- regulatory processes at different levels of self- awareness, including self-reflection (2006). She contrasts automatic affective regulation (low level of control) to active regulation of affective responses (high level of control). Both features of affect in the self-regulation process are visible to leaders’ subordinates as his or her EL competency. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

26. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies According to Matthews and his colleagues (2002, 171), ”emotion may be seen as both a universal human quality and as an attribute of the individual person, operationalized through validated self- report measures.” Thus, two different research strands argue whether emotion is essentialist or evaluative in nature. In this paper, we view EL dimensions as constructs in their own right and identified with subjective feelings. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

27. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Marc Brackett and his colleagues (2004) characterize general approaches to EI in the literature as ability models and mixed models. –Ability models view EI as a standard intelligence and argue that EI meets traditional criteria for intelligence. –Mixed models combine the ability conception of EI with numerous self-reported attributes including optimism, self-awareness, and self-actualisation. (Brackett et al., 2004.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

28. 2.3 Self-regulation as a System Concept Managing EL Competencies Emotional Leadership Questionnaire (ELQ) was developed to measure leader’s EI as perceived by his/her subordinates. In a conceptual level, ELQ measures leaders’ competencies instead of his/her ‘intelligences’ or ‘abilities.’ –The subordinates are only expected to be aware of their leaders explicit, procedural abilities (metacompetencies), not that much of their declarative knowledge (metaknowledge). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

30. 3. Method 3.1 Sample 3.2 ELQ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

31. 3.1 Sample The non-probability sample consists of 124 Finnish teachers from four comprehensive (n = 84) and two upper secondary (n = 40) schools. All the schools were located in Helsinki, capital of Finland (about 560 000 inhabitants, 9.3 % of total population 5 223 442). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

32. 3.1 Sample The respondents’ age was classified into four categories: (1) 21 to 30 years old (n = 18, 14.5%); (2) 31 to 40 years old (n = 25, 20.2%); (3) 41 to 50 years old (n = 34, 27.4%); (4) over 50 years old (n = 39, 31.5%). Seventy per cent of the respondents were females (n = 87, 70.2%), the rest were males (n = 29, 23.4%). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

33. 3.2 Emotional Leadership Questionnaire ELQ operationalises Goleman and his colleagues (2002) four domains of emotional intelligence characteristics with 51 items: –(1) self-awareness, –(2) self-management, –(3) social awareness and –(4) relationship management. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

34. 4. Results RQ 1: Comparison of the mean values and standard deviations of the 51 ELQ items measuring teachers’ evaluations on their principals EL. RQ 2: Examination of the variable structure of ELQ to test it against the theoretical EI –model. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

35. 4. Results RQ 1: Teachers’ Evaluations on Principals Emotional Leadership Competencies. –Results indicated that school principals were able to keep disruptive emotions and impulses under control, adapt to new challenges and see the upside in the events. –The result of high emotional self-control was expected, as it is a highly respected leader ability in Finnish work culture. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

36. 4. Results RQ 1: Teachers’ Evaluations on Principals Emotional Leadership Competencies. –Respondents were most unsatisfied to their principal’s lack of high personal standards that would drive them to constantly seek improvements in performance. –Further, teachers would see their leaders to possess higher ability to monitor parents and students satisfaction carefully to ensure they are getting what they need. –As expected, leaders skills to resolve disagreements and to generate an atmosphere of friendly collegiality would benefit from improvement. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

38. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –The clustering of eighteen EL characteristics was further studied to see if the theoretical model of four domains (Goleman et al., 2002) is present in this sample. –The visual inspection of the Bayesian network shows that the model is unidimensional, as all four EI domains are connected to each other in the model. (Figure 2.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

40. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –Figure 2 shows that clustering of the EI domains follows the theoretical assumption. –First cluster depicting leaders’ self-awareness (i) leads to two other clusters of self-management (ii) and social awareness (iii). –Fourth domain, relationship management (iv) is related to both second and third domains as follows. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

41. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –The predictive model shows that principal who is able to cut through red tape or even bend the rules is experienced by his/her subordinates as an influential person who is able to overcome barriers to change. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

42. EL_ii_08_23 “My superior does not hesitate to cut through bureaucratic obstacles.” EL_iv_14_40 “My superior knows how to create a network of support for a new initiative.” EL_iv_16_45 “My superior is a strong advocate for change even in the face of opposition.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

43. EL_ii_08_23 “My superior does not hesitate to cut through bureaucratic obstacles.” EL_iv_14_40 “My superior knows how to create a network of support for a new initiative.” EL_iv_16_45 “My superior is a strong advocate for change even in the face of opposition.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

44. EL_ii_08_23 “My superior does not hesitate to cut through bureaucratic obstacles.” EL_iv_14_40 “My superior knows how to create a network of support for a new initiative.” EL_iv_16_45 “My superior is a strong advocate for change even in the face of opposition.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

45. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –Investigation of predictive dependencies showed that empathetic leader with high intercultural abilities is able to promote teamwork and collaboration, manage conflict situations, and develop others. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

46. EL_iii_10_30 “My superior is able to get along with people of diverse backgrounds or from other cultures.” EL_iv_15_42 “My superior shows a genuine interest in helping his/her subordinates.” EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_iv_18_51 “My superior draws others into active, enthusiastic commitment to the collective effort. ” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

47. EL_iii_10_30 “My superior is able to get along with people of diverse backgrounds or from other cultures.” EL_iv_15_42 “My superior shows a genuine interest in helping his/her subordinates.” EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_iv_18_51 “My superior draws others into active, enthusiastic commitment to the collective effort. ” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

48. EL_iii_10_30 “My superior is able to get along with people of diverse backgrounds or from other cultures.” EL_iv_15_42 “My superior shows a genuine interest in helping his/her subordinates.” EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_iv_18_51 “My superior draws others into active, enthusiastic commitment to the collective effort. ” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

49. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –Where domain boundaries are not following the theoretical model, a closer examination reveals theoretically justifiable item-level dependencies. For example, predictive model shows that principals conflict management competency is positively connected with his/her level of optimism. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

50. EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_ii_09_26 “My superior sees other people in positive rather than in negative light.” EL_ii_09_25 “My superior has an optimistic "glass half full" outlook.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

51. EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_ii_09_26 “My superior sees other people in positive rather than in negative light.” EL_ii_09_25 “My superior has an optimistic “glass half full” outlook.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

52. EL_iv_17_49 “In conflict situations, my superior is able to draw out all parties and understand the differing perspectives.” EL_ii_09_26 “My superior sees other people in positive rather than in negative light.” EL_ii_09_25 “My superior has an optimistic “glass half full” outlook.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

53. 4. Results RQ 2: Variable Structure of the Emotional Leadership Scale. –Another ‘boundary-crossing’ dependency worth mentioning is the one between items EL_ii_08_21 (“My superior seizes opportunities rather than simply waits for them to come.”) and EL_i_03_07 (“My superior welcomes difficult assignments knowing that he/she is able to meet the expectations.”). –Predictive examination of the interdependency shows that superiors’ strong self-confidence leads to opportunity-seizing, i.e. initiative, behavior. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

54. EL_ii_08_21 “My superior seizes opportunities rather than simply waits for them to come.” EL_i_03_07 “My superior welcomes difficult assignments knowing that he/she is able to meet the expectations.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

55. EL_ii_08_21 “My superior seizes opportunities rather than simply waits for them to come.” EL_i_03_07 “My superior welcomes difficult assignments knowing that he/she is able to meet the expectations.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

56. EL_ii_08_21 “My superior seizes opportunities rather than simply waits for them to come.” EL_i_03_07 “My superior welcomes difficult assignments knowing that he/she is able to meet the expectations.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

57. 5. Discussion Matthews, Zeidner and Roberts state that before evaluating distinctiveness of any EI instrument, researcher needs to ascertain the statistical dependency between the instrument and existing measures of intelligence, as well as established personality dimensions, for example, those of the Five Factor Model: neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness and consciousness (2002, 178). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

58. 5. Discussion In this study, we calculated correlations between the four EL domains and four Spiritual Sensitivity Scales: (1) Awareness sensing, (2) Mystery sensing, (3) Value sensing, and (4) Community sensing (Tirri, Nokelainen & Ubani, 2006). –The results of correlational analysis revealed zero correlations between the EL and SSS components. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

59. 5. Discussion In the current version of ELQ, we asked teacher’s to evaluate their superiors according to our fixed, person-related questions. In the next version we will add an additional scale measuring the importance of each question in a five-point Likert scale. –This allows us to compare personal level EL factors to other measures, for example, the Multiple Intelligences Profiling Questionnaire (MIPQ), an operationalization of Howard Gardner’s’ MI theory, (Tirri, K., Komulainen, Nokelainen & Tirri, H., 2002). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

60. Finnish Urban School Teacher's Evaluations on Principals Emotional Leadership Competencies Abstract. This paper presents a 51-item self-rating Likert-scale Emotional Leadership Questionnaire (ELQ) that operationalises Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee’s (2002) four domains of Emotional Intelligence (EI) with eighteen characteristics. The sample consists of 124 Finnish teachers from four comprehensive and two upper secondary schools. The construct validity of the ELQ was tested with following two stages: (1) Comparison of the mean values and standard deviations of the 51 ELQ items measuring teachers’ evaluations on their principals Emotional Leadership (EL) and (2) examination of the variable structure of ELQ to test it against the theoretical EI –model. Results showed that school principals were able to keep disruptive emotions and impulses under control; they were able to adapt to new challenges and see the upside in the events. The theoretical structure of EI was present at least in component level in this domain. Further, the visual inspection of the Bayesian dependency network showed that all four EL domains were present in the model derived from the empirical sample.