1. Louisiana Purchase / Territory
War of 1812
Era of Good Feelings

2. Louisiana territory
(1763: the French gave territory west of Mississippi River to Spain at the end of the French & Indian War)
Napoléon (emperor of France) wanted to re-start a French empire in North America, got territory back from Spain w/ secret treaty (1800)

3. Louisiana territory
U.S. wanted access to Mississippi River & New Orleans for transportation & trade
Jefferson didn’t want war w/ France, offered to buy New Orleans
U.S. ambassador offered to buy all French North American territory
Napoléon took the money (to fund war w/ Britain)
2003 commemorative U.S. nickel 

4. Louisiana Purchase (1803) British Canada Spanish territory
(disputed by U.S.)
Spanish territory
Spanish, but claimed by U.S.
Spanish Florida
British

5. Louisiana Purchase less European colonial space in North America
French gone (again)
Spanish territory reduced
but… British still lurking in the north
U.S. territory doubled (2/3rds of the way to Pacific)

6. reaction to Louisiana Purchase
CON
Fisher Ames letter to Thomas Dwight (1803) complained about the mixed group of people living in the Territory: “otters [are just as likely] to obey the U.S. government as the Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum of savages and adventurers, whose pure morals are expected to sustain and glorify our Republick.” [Greenberg, document 7, pp. 54–55]

7. reaction to Louisiana Purchase
PRO
Thomas Jefferson, second inaugural address (1805): “I know that the acquisition of Louisiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. But who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate effectively? is it not better that the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children, than by strangers of another family?” [Greenberg, document 8, pp. 55–56]

8. JOURNAL ENTRY 10a
What was the “Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum” to which Ames referred? The word Indian should be obvious. The word Hispano is a variation on the word Hispanic. What is Gallo? (hint: it’s a variation on Gallic)
What did Ames think of the “Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum”?

9. exploring the territory
Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark + Zebulon Pike to the west:
explore, map (& claim) the land
explore relations with Native Americans
2004
commemorative U.S. nickels
2005

10. exploring the territory
explorations of Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, & Zebulon Pike (1804–1807)

11. War of 1812 “second war of independence”
first-ever declaration of war by U.S.
U.S. declared war on Britain because:
Britain interfered w/ U.S.-France trade off east cost of U.S.
Britain interfered w/ U.S. navy
blockaded U.S. ports
searched U.S. ships, impressed sailors
Britain still in Ohio Valley; encouraged Indians to attack Americans
Tecumseh was a part of this
U.S. wanted to annex Canada

12. “To have shrunk under such circumstances
“To have shrunk under such circumstances would have acknowledged that on the element which forms three-fourths of the globe we inhabit, and where all independent nations have equal and common rights, the American people were not an independent people, but colonists and vassals.”
—James Madison State of the Union Address, November 1812

13. JOURNAL ENTRY 10b
Which of the following reasons for the War of 1812 was Madison thinking about when he referred to “the element which forms three-fourths of the globe we inhabit”?:
interference with trade
interference with navy
attacks from Indians
U.S. desire to annex Canada

14. War of 1812 scorecard US = United States; GB = Great Britain, NA = Native Americans
US NA: Battle of Tippecanoe (Nov. 1811)
US GB: U.S. couldn’t capture Canadian capital (1812)
US NA: Siege of Fort Harrison (Sept. 1812)
US NA: Tecumseh killed (Oct. 1813)
US NA: Andrew Jackson forced Creek Indians out of Alabama (March 1814)
US GB: Washington D.C. captured & burned (Aug.1814)
US GB: Fort Baltimore defended (Sept.1814)
US GB: Jackson won Battle of New Orleans (Jan.1815)

15. military campaigns
of the War of 1812

16. Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) War of 1812 a stalemate back to status quo
Canada remained British
British stayed out of U.S. land & waterways
“Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled— nothing in substance but an indefinite suspension of hostilities was agreed to.”
—John Quincy Adams, US negotiator at Ghent (in September 1815 letter to Joseph Hall, colonel in the war)

17. founding myths from War of 1812
Star-Spangled Banner Fort McHenry, 1814) (now hanging in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC)
O Canada
“…we stand on guard for thee.”

18. “Era of Good Feelings” (1815–1819)
War of 1812 over; British out of U.S. territory
Tecumseh dead, no Indian alliance, Indians pushed west of the Mississippi River
Florida became U.S. territory (1819)
Seminole Indians were attacking whites
U.S. (Andrew Jackson) threatened to take it by force
J.Q. Adams negotiated Adams-Onís Treaty to:
buy Florida from Spain
set boundary between U.S. & Spain in the west

19. U.S. territory after acquiring Florida in 1819