1. Chapter 6: Nonverbal Messages
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2. Principles of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal messages interact with verbal messages
Accent
Complement
Contradict
Control
Repeat
Substitute
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3. Principles of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Nonverbal messages help manage impressions
To be liked
To be believed
To excuse failure
To get help
To hide faults
To be followed
To confirm and communicate self-image
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4. Principles of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Nonverbal messages help form relationships
Nonverbal messages structure conversation
Nonverbal messages influence and deceive
Nonverbal messages express emotions
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5. Channels of Nonverbal Communication
Body gestures, movement – kinesics
Emblems
Illustrators
Affect displays
Regulators
Adaptors
The meanings of gestures vary culturally
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6. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Body appearance
Facial communication
We signal emotions through facial expressions
We use management techniques to manage our facial expressions
Facial feedback hypothesis
Cultural display rules
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7. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Eye communication – occulesis
Functions of eye contact
Monitor feedback
Secure attention
Regulate conversation
Signal nature of relationship
Signal status
Compensate for distance
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8. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Eye communication (cont.)
Eye avoidance
Maintains privacy
Civil inattention
Pupil size
Cultural and gender variations
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9. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Touch, tactile communication – haptics
Highly primitive and essential
Varies with age and relationship
Has multiple meanings
Positive emotions
Playfulness
Control
Ritual
Task-relatedness
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10. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Touch communication (cont.)
Touch avoidance is related to communication apprehension or anxiety
Rules of touch vary culturally
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11. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Paralanguage and silence
Paralanguage – vocal but nonverbal
Rate
Volume
Pitch
We form impressions of people based on their paralanguage
Paralanguage affects persuasiveness
Norms for paralanguage vary culturally
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12. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Paralanguage and silence (cont.)
Silence communicates
Functions of silence
Time to think
Hurt others
Respond to personal anxiety
Prevent communication of conflict or certain topics
Communicate emotions
Achieve certain effects
You have nothing to say
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13. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Paralanguage and silence (cont.)
Spiral of silence
We’re more likely to voice your opinion if you agree with the majority on a controversial topic
The minority view stays silent and the majority view gets stronger
Different cultures view silence differently
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14. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics
Proxemic distances
Intimate – 0 to 18 inches, within touching distance
Personal – 1 ½ feet to 4 feet, surrounded by protective bubble, touch only by stretching
Social – 4 feet to 12 feet, conduct business or social interactions
Public – 12 feet to 25+, keep your distance, people blend into the background
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15. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics
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16. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Spatial messages (cont.)
Territoriality
Primary/home territories
Secondary territories
Public territories
Home field advantage
Territorial markers
Central markers
Boundary markers
Ear markers
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17. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Spatial messages (cont.)
Encroachment – right of invasion
Unwritten rule
Usually granted to higher status
Withdrawal
Turf defense
Insulation
Linguistic collusion
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18. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Artifactual communication
Messages conveyed by objects made by human hands; includes color, clothes, hairstyle, jewelry, perfume
Space decoration
Color communication
Clothing and body adornment
Cultural display
Scent (olfactory communication)
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19. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Temporal communication – chronemics
Psychological time emphasis or orientation on time
Past
Present
Future
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20. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Temporal communication (cont.)
Formal time divisions include minutes, hours, days, and weeks, months, and years
Arbitrary
Vary culturally
Informal time divisions are ambiguous and include “forever,” “early,” and “soon”
Include cultural attitudes about time
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21. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Temporal communication (cont.)
Monochronic cultures schedule one thing at a time
Compartmentalize working, socializing, family
Relies on schedules
Polychronic cultures schedule many things at a time
Working, socializing, family activities overlap
Relaxed about schedules
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22. Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
Temporal communication (cont.)
Social clock – culture’s time schedule for the right time to do complete milestones such as graduating from college, getting married, having children, buying a house
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23. Nonverbal Communication Competence
Increase competence in decoding nonverbals
Mindfully seek alternative judgments
Be tentative
Pay attention to all nonverbal channels
Consider being wrong
Be sensitive to cultural context
Consider all the factors that can influence communication
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24. Nonverbal Communication Competence (cont.)
Increase competence in encoding nonverbals
Consider your choices
Be consistent in your messages
Monitor your nonverbal choices
Avoid extremes
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25. Nonverbal Communication Competence (cont.)
Increase competence in encoding nonverbals (cont.)
Be aware of your situation
Maintain eye contact
Avoid adaptors
Avoid strong and potentially unpleasant scents
Be cautious about touch
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