1. ICAO’s WORK on AVIATION EMISSIONS Jane Hupe Chief, Environmental Unit Montreal, 16 September 2007 Presentation to ICAO/McGill Conference on Aviation Safety, Security and the Environment

2. Key Environmental Issues Noise Aircraft Engine Emissions

3. Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 km) Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 km) Past / future growth Past / future growth Adverse meteorological conditions Adverse meteorological conditions Fuel alternatives Fuel alternatives Context

4. Challenges for States and ICAO How to find an appropriate balance between future growth and environmental problems? How to find an appropriate balance between future growth and environmental problems? How to accommodate States’ very different views within a harmonized worldwide approach? How to accommodate States’ very different views within a harmonized worldwide approach?

5. ICAO Assembly Council Air Navigation Commission Air Navigation Commission Air Transport Committee Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

6. Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere Prepared at ICAO’s request in 1999 Covered climate change and ozone depletion Aircraft in 1992 were estimated to contribute about 3.5 percent of the total radiative forcing (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow.

7. IPCC updated information on aviation in 4th Assessment Report (AR4) 2007 Aviation: Aviation: 3.0% of the total of the radiative forcing3.0% of the total of the radiative forcing 2% of globally produced CO22% of globally produced CO2 13% of fossil fuels consumed by transport13% of fossil fuels consumed by transport 2 projected to grow around 3 to 4% / yearCO2 projected to grow around 3 to 4% / year Medium-term mitigation for CO 2 emissions from the aviation sector potentially can come from improved fuel efficiency. However, such improvements are expected to only partially offset the growth of aviation CO 2 emissions.

8. Tracking Climate Change Aviation contributes to main scientific research projects Aviation contributes to main scientific research projects In the framework of the CARIBIC and MOZAIC projects, and now IAGOS sensitive measuring devices aboard long-haul aircraft collect data on the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Scientists worldwide benefit from this research, which helps them better understand the causes and developments of climatic changes. In the framework of the CARIBIC and MOZAIC projects, and now IAGOS sensitive measuring devices aboard long-haul aircraft collect data on the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Scientists worldwide benefit from this research, which helps them better understand the causes and developments of climatic changes.

9. Kyoto Protocol Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005 Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005 Commits Annex I Parties (developed Countries) to individual, legally-binding targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions Commits Annex I Parties (developed Countries) to individual, legally-binding targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions Reductions of at least 5% between 2008- 2012 compared to 1990 levels, AND TO Reductions of at least 5% between 2008- 2012 compared to 1990 levels, AND TO Pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation bunker fuels, working through ICAO Pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation bunker fuels, working through ICAO

10. ICAO and UNFCCC ALL parties have to report to the Convention on their emissions, including aviation emissions Domestic aviation emissions included in national totals International aviation emissions reported ICAO provided a study on quality of aviation emissions data ICAO cooperated with the revision of the 1996 IPPC Guidelines which includes an update of the aviation emissions factors and other parameters

11. Last Assembly requested ICAO to continue to develop policy options to limit or reduce emissions and to develop proposals and provide advice to UNFCCC ; and Last Assembly requested ICAO to continue to develop policy options to limit or reduce emissions and to develop proposals and provide advice to UNFCCC ; and to place special emphasis on the use of technical solutions while continuing consideration of market-based measures to place special emphasis on the use of technical solutions while continuing consideration of market-based measures ICAO and UNFCCC Cont’d

12. Policy Options to Reduce Emissions Technology and Standards Technology and Standards Operational Measures Operational Measures Market-based Measures: Market-based Measures: Emissions chargesEmissions charges Emissions tradingEmissions trading Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures

13. Technology and Standards Emissions standards (NO x, HC, CO and smoke number) Emissions standards (NO x, HC, CO and smoke number) Emissions database available from ICAO website Emissions database available from ICAO website

14. Technical Issues – NOx Standards first adopted in 1981 and made more stringent in1993,1998 and in 2004, when ICAO adopted new Standards to be applicable in 2008, 12% lower than the existing Standards. first adopted in 1981 and made more stringent in1993,1998 and in 2004, when ICAO adopted new Standards to be applicable in 2008, 12% lower than the existing Standards. NOx Standards are beneficial to LAQ and global climate NOx Standards are beneficial to LAQ and global climate

15. Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 years) Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 years) Technology Goals: Technology Goals: 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6 Report to be made openly available Report to be made openly available Progress towards goals to be monitored Progress towards goals to be monitored Goal-setting process to Goal-setting process to be applied to : be applied to : NoiseNoise Fuel consumptionFuel consumption Operational measuresOperational measures Long-term Technology Goals for CAEP

16. Operational Measures Improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures could reduce aviation fuel burn by between 8 and 18% Improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures could reduce aviation fuel burn by between 8 and 18% Most important fuel saving opportunities come from ATM efficiencies – Most important fuel saving opportunities come from ATM efficiencies – more direct routings more direct routings use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed e.g. CDAs, RVSM e.g. CDAs, RVSM

17. Improvements in Flight Operations Opportunities for fuel conservation Opportunities for fuel conservation Landing weightLanding weight Fuel reservesFuel reserves Airplane loadingAirplane loading Route selectionRoute selection Altitude selectionAltitude selection Speed selectionSpeed selection Flap selectionFlap selection

18. What Are Market-Based Measures? “are policy tools that are designed to achieve environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more flexible manner than traditional command and control regulatory measures.” “are policy tools that are designed to achieve environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more flexible manner than traditional command and control regulatory measures.” ICAO has looked at : ICAO has looked at : voluntary measuresvoluntary measures emissions chargesemissions charges emissions tradingemissions trading

19. Types of MBMs Voluntary Measures Voluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goalsgovernment and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goals Emissions Charges Emissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissionsa charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of engine emissionsrevenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of engine emissions Emissions Trading Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be cappedthe total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and sold to meet emission reduction objectivesallowances in the form of permits could be bought and sold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors

20. ICAO Guidance on Emissions Trading Requested by last Assembly Requested by last Assembly New area - Living document New area - Living document Focus on aviation-specific issues Focus on aviation-specific issues Aircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sources International civil aircraft operations only International civil aircraft operations only Not State aircraft - no customs and police servicesNot State aircraft - no customs and police services Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possible Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possible Approved as draft guidance Approved as draft guidance

21. A35-5 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection New proposal for A36 Appendix H: Aviation impact on local air quality Appendix I: Aviation impact on global climate

22. For more information on ICAO activities on environmental protection: ICAO WEB PAGE ICAO WEB PAGE www.ICAO.int Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change www.un.org/climatechange Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change www.un.org/climatechange www.un.org/climatechange ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007 ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007

23. Action without study is fatal: Study without action is futile. Thank you