1. Andralee Cain Lloyd George Mansour
Africa
Andralee Cain Lloyd
George Mansour

2. Yoruba’s Creation Myth

3. Another Creation Myth
Obatala was sent down to create dry land, but got drunk before the task was completed.
Oduduwa was sent down to take over Obatala’s task
Oduduwa became the first king of Ife. Upon his death his children dispersed and started the Yoruba kingdoms of Owu, Ketu, Benin, Ila, Sabe, Popo, and Oyo.

4. Countries of West Africa
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria*
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo*
Benin*
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Cape Verde Islands
The Gambia
Ghana*
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
* Denotes countries in which the Yoruba tribe resides

5. West Africa Occupies 6,140,000 km squared or a fifth of Africa
The vast majority of this land is plains lying less than 300 meters above sea level
The northern section of West Africa is composed of semi-arid terrain known as Sahel
It has desert landscapes and also the tropical rain forests of the more humid south
Consists of 16 countries

6. Earth
Second largest and second most-populous continent in the world just after Asia with 11,668,545 square miles
Africa is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, as well as the Atlantic Ocean
Located just under Europe and connected to Asia on its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez

7. History Ife
500 BC - there is evidence found to support the start of the city of Ife
AD – Ife began to develop major artistic center
AD- During this time they are known for their ancient and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures
1400 AD- Started to decline due to the Oyo and Benin Empires that were begining to form during this time.

8. History Benin Empire
Benin Empire (Edo Empire) – Was an African state located in modern day Nigeria
First European travelers, the Portuguese, reached Benin. Trade begin to develop with the exchange of tropical products and slaves for European goods and guns.
1553- trade between Benin and England grew. They traded ivory, palm-oil and pepper.
1897- British forces conquered and burned the city

9. History Oyo Empire
Oyo Empire created by immigrants from Ife
Becomes the most populous kingdom in Yoruba history
Participate in the Trans-Saharan and Trans- Atlantic trade where they exchanged salt, leather, horses, kola nuts, ivory, cloth and slaves
At the ports Porto Novo and Whydah the Oyo Empire's took captives and criminals and sold them to Dutch and Portuguese buyers.
1836- empire is captured by Fulani Muslims

10. History 1901-Yorubaland was officially colonized by the British
1923 – Nigeria's first political party is formed, the Nigerian National Democratic Party. It is a single group which combined various Yoruba interest groups.
October of Nigeria was granted full independence from the British

11. Culture Religion
Islam is the predominant religion of the West African interior and the far west coast of the continent
Christianity is the predominant religion in coastal regions of Nigeria, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire
There are some Jewish populations in Ghana, Nigeria and Mali
Throughout West Africa there are numerous indigenous religions practiced such as the Yoruba religion

12. Yoruba Religion
Is possibly the largest African born religion in the world.
Has given birth to several Afro-American religions such as Santería in Cuba and Candomblé in Brazil
There are many variations of the religion
They have between gods
Many of the Yoruba people today have converted to Christianity or Islam
Yoruba religious beliefs are part of itan (A complex mix of songs, histories, stories which make up the Yoruba religion and society)

13. Culture Language
There are an estimated 2000 languages spoken in Africa
All African languages are considered official languages of the African Union (AU)
Most west African languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and Niger-Congo families
Most predominant languages in western Africa are English, Arabic, Portuguese, and French
The Yoruba people have their own language called the Yoruba language which is comprised of over 22 million speakers

14. Culture African Art Dance - important mode of communication
Yoruba have many dance they do during ceremonies such as the dance for the god Shango
Music – focus on the creation of complex and subtle rhythmic patterns.
The Yoruba are known to give birth to music variety such as highlife, Juju, Fuji, and Afro-beat
Art & Craft – themes such as a couple, a woman and child, a male with a weapon or animal, or an outsider or stranger are reoccurring in African art
The Yoruba depict twins a lot in their art and are revered because of their sign of fidelity. When twins die a carving of them are formed called ere ibeji.

15. Culture Traditional Garments
Boubou- a flowing wide sleeved robe. Its origin lies with the clothing worn by the Islamized peoples of the historic Ghana and Mali Empire who had in turn adopted the clothing of the nobility of the early Islamic Empire
Dashiki- colorful men's garment that covers the top half of the body
Kaftan – a woman's garment that is a loose-fitting pullover with an ornate V-shaped collar and tailored and embroidered neck and sleeve lines.

16. Values Rites of Passage
Most African societies have some sort of rite of passage that they value. Some of these include:
Birth
Names
Puberty
Marriage
Death
For the Yoruba people the naming ceremony is an important part of their society. This is because they believe that a name is so powerful it can influence the rest of the child’s life.

17. Values Marriage Seen as a union of families and sometimes tribes
Many of the marriages are arranged marriages
Polygyny is often very common
Often a pride-price is made before marriage (often involving livestock)

18. Values Family Africans value strong family ties and traditions
Elders are considered the guardians of the family and are valued and respected due to their wisdom and knowledge.
Family members are addressed according to social status out of respect
A household consists of extended family (i.e.- aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents)

19. Values African American
Rite of Passage and the importance of names
African American names hold strong African ties
Moesha- meaning drawn out of the water
Niesha- meaning pure
Tamika- meaning people
Marriage- Usually mutual consent
Families- Still have strong family ties to all family members including extended family

20. Form Scarification
Involves scratching, etching, or cutting in order to leave permanent designs, pictures, or words into the skin.
Ink rubbing – the process of rubbing ink into a fresh cut
Skin removal/skinning - outlines are made and then the skin in between is removed creating a inconsistent texture.
Packing - A cut is made diagonally and an inert material is packed into the wound causing massive keloids to form during the healing process

21. Form
Performed by tribal members who specifically perform scarification
Both healers as well as artists
Watch the wounds as they heal to prevent infection
Certain instruments are used in order to create various patterns and designs
knife, glass, stone, or coconut
shell are some examples of
the instruments used

22. Function Tattoos are harder to see on darker colored skin than scars.
Used to decorate and beautify the body
Used as group/ tribe identity
Used a lot during slave trade so that they could identify someone from their tribe even if they come across them in another region.
Social Status
Protection from death
Mark a persons stage of life
Coming of age
Fertility
Marriage

23. Facilitation
The idea of body modification and scarification intrigues people of all races and cultures around the world.
Unlike tattoos scarification is a product of ones own body and the final product varies from person to person.
Is used for aesthetic and spiritual reasons.

24. Triangulation Variety-
More complex patterns due to precise instruments
A wide range of colors that can be applied
Less painful- no more painful then tattooing with better anesthetics
Less likely to endure an infection due to better antibiotics

25. Target
Target market-
African Americans, both men and women, aged with a strong connection to Africa.
Americas youth, both men and women, aged with a desire to find a way of expressing themselves that is new and different from the tattooing world.

26. The Marketing Mix Product –Permanent and temporary scarification
Place –Los Angeles, California and our website
Price – approx $80 an hour with a minimum price of $100.
Promotion –
African Americans- art shows and sites with a profit going to fight Aids in Africa
Youth- Scar Wars, online at body modification sites, and body modification magazines such as Pain.

27. Skinned Taste Brand Name – Skinned
Product – Permanent and temporary scarification
Packaging for temporary scarification- Red box with name and logo on the lid.
Slogan – “If you decorate me, then I will be beautiful.” An African Probverb, “Ukinipamba nitapendeza.”
Logo – West African symbol “Gye Nyame.” This symbol represents the supremacy of God and his omnipotence and immortality.
Skinned

28. Sources http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Africa/Benin/photo455708.htm

29. Sources