1. An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism 1894 - 1914
Chapter 24
An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism

2. I. Intellectual and Cultural Developments
The Emergence of a New Physics – b/4 reason and facts = science
Newton - (Objective)

3. 2. Marie Curie Polish Married Pierre Curie – a professor of physics
1906 – husband died and she was professor
Theory of Radioactivity (radium and polonium)
Subatomic particles – random movements

4. 3. Max Planck (1858-1947) Correlation of temperature and radiation.
Energy of a vibrating molecule is “quantized” (radiation was emitted in little “chunks” which is proportional to vibration not temperature).
Revolutionary – energy is discontinuous. Not a constant stream. Not objective.

5. 4. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) German
The Electro-Dynamic of Moving Bodies
Relativity Theory – Space and Time are NOT absolute but relative to the observer
4D – Space/Time Continuum.
Matter is Energy
E = mc^2
Eclipse of 1919 – light was bending with gravitational force even though it had no mass.

8. B. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
Frederich Nietsche ( )
Reason plays little role in life – at the mercy of irrational forces.
Christianity was the problem – “Slave Morality”

9. Frederick Nietzsche – slave morality
Morality was invented by “weak” people in order to defend themselves against the “strong
Superior person – skeptic of compassion, pity, and selflessness. Happy, energetic and optimistic.
Slave – Pessimistic and fearful. Slaves are victims (or choose to be)
Makes the best of a bad situation.
Promotes virtues to ease living for those who suffer.
Patience, industry, humility - good things.

10. Slave Morality vs Master Morality
Slave Morality – (living a lie)
Good – to ease suffering
Bad – to inspire fear
Master Morality
Good – to inspire fear
Bad – to ease suffering
What would he think about equality and Democracy?

11. “God is Dead” Not literally
God is dead in the hearts of modern man, killed by rationality and science.
Accepting that there is no God – is getting rid of the Western Christian cultural belief of a God.
April 8, 1966

12. 2. Henri Bergson – ( )
Reason is good for knowledge and practical application but it is not necessary for truth or ultimate reality
Reality is a “life force”
French Philosopher
Intuitivism

13. 3. Georges Sorel ( )
Revolutionary Socialism – violent action to ensure socialism
General Strike – violent orders to attack Capitalist society
Small elite ruling body

14. C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856 – 1939)
Austrian
The Interpretations of Dreams
Psychoanalysis – human behavior is driven by irrational behavior (the unconscious)
Role of Unconscious
Hypnosis and Dreams
Repression – previous experiences determine behavior, but you can’t remember.

15. Unconscious Id – unconscious – basic drives for the pleasure principle
Ego – justifies the id’s drives – the reality principle
Superego – stops the id. (societies morals or virtues)

17. Oedipus Complex The most important repressions were sexual
Through psychoanalysis a patient would find that there are desires for the parent of the opposite sex.

18. D. The Impact of Darwin Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer
Societies are organisms – The state should not intervene because society will fix itself.
Racism – nations were engaged in a “struggle for existence”
Is there a more evolved race???
Germany, (volk) – nation, people, race

19. Volkish Thought Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)
The Foundations of the 19th Century
Modern-Day Germans
“Aryan” – creators of West. Culture
Destructive races:
Jews
Negroes
Orientals

20. E. The Attack of Christianity
Industrialization and urbanization means the church is less powerful
1. Anticlericalism – movement that opposed the clergy for reasons like
-politics
- Scientific discoveries (evolution)
- Ernst Renan – Life of Jesus –
questions historical accuracy

21. D. Attack of Christianity
Response of the Churches
Rejection of the modern ideas and forces (Catholic and Protestant)
Pope Pius IX = Syllabus of Errors
Modernism – reinterpret Christianity
Ends by 1907
Compromise

22. E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature
1. Naturalism – b/4 realistic - now realistic but no optimis.

23. E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature
2. Symbolism – (poetry) against realism, external world = not reality
mind – reality
a. W.B. Yeats
b. Maria Rilke

24. F. Modernism in the Arts Impressionism – beginning of modern art.
France – no studio painting; country
Camille Pissarro ( ) – founder
Not as “precise” or real
Effects of light on nature
Claude Monet ( )
Berthe Morisot ( )-female painter – not taken seriously

25. Pissarro - The Chestnut Trees at Osny

26. Pissarro - Landscape at Chaponval

27. Claude Monet

28. Berthe Morisot

29. F. Modernism
2. Post – Impressionism (1880s) kept the light and color - but structure and form become important (Personal statement about reality - objective reality to subjective reality)

30. Paul Cezanne (1839 – 1906)
Geometric figure

31. Vincent van Gogh ( )

32. F. Modernism
3. Search for Individual Expression – how do you represent “reality” when you aren’t sure what reality is?
a. photography – 1830’s
b. Picasso – Cubism (geometric designs)
c. Kandinsky – abstract painting – art avoids representation and speaks to the soul (concentrates on color)

33. George Eastman – Kodak 1888

34. Pablo Picasso – Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

35. Picasso – Three Musicians

36. Kandinsky – Square with White Border

37. 4. Modernism in Music Emphasis on folk music
Edvard Grieg – Norwegian Nationalist
Claude Dubussy -
Igor Stravinsky

38. II. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
The movement of Women’s Rights
Political Democracy – 1894 slowed and socialism is taking over
1830’s movements start – more for family and prejudice. Mostly unsuccessful
New Professions – teaching and nursing.

39. Nursing during the 19th century
Amalie Sieveking
Florence Nightingale
Clara Barton –

40. 4. The Right to Vote Britain (Millicent Fawcett)
Women’s Social and Political Union and 1903 – media and “suffragettes”

43. Emily Davison

45. Emmaline Pankhurst Founded Women’s Social and Political Union
More radical protests
Eggs, chaining to lampposts
Hunger strikes

46. 1908 Equal Suffrage laws in Harper’s Weekly

47. 5. Efforts for Peace Bertha Von Suttner (1853-1914)
Lay Down Your Arms – novel; nobel peace prize in 1905
“new woman” – renouncing Traditional female roles
Maria Montessori – first Italian woman with a med degree. Montessori schools

49. B. Jews in the European Nation-State
Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire in Germany
Karl Lueger – mayor of Vienna
German Nationalist – blamed Jews for the corruption of the Jewish culture
Pogroms – 72% of Jews lived in Eastern Europe

50. 3. Zionist Movement Theodor Hezel – The Jewish State
Secure Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people.

51. C. Transformation of Liberalism
Giovanni Giolitti – Transformismo –political groups transformed by bribery
Italian politics – corrupt
Appeased urban workers with social welfare programs
Libya

52. 2. France Dreyfus Affair –
Alfred Dreyfus found guilty of giving military secrets to Germany
Dreyfus was Jewish
A Catholic Aristocrat was really upset
The corruption of the army was published in a newspaper by Emile Zola

53. 2. France Result – French Government exposed
Radical republicans purged the nation of its moderate politicians and army officials
Separation of Church and State in 1905
Working class still alienated from the government

54. 3. Germany: William II and Bismarck 1871-1914
Tensions Grow due to urbanization, traditionalism, and socialism
Working class undermined by the socialist party and government
Pan-Germanic League – advocated imperialism and denounced Jews