1. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

2. Unit Overview- We will first take a look at motivation
Motivational Concepts
Hunger
Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction
Motivation

4. Motivational Concepts

5. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct (fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals- cats know how to clean themselves
Instincts in humans- babies rooting and sucking reflexes

6. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

8. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

9. What are the top three positive incentives we have in society?
Drives and Incentives
Incentive
Positive and negative
When there is a need and an incentive we feel highly driven
What are the top three positive incentives we have in society?

10. Optimum Arousal Arousal Motivated behaviors increase arousal
Go beyond your homeostasis if you are motivated
Animals that are curious increase activity

11. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. Maslow, motivation, and incentives in the real world…
Worst Day of Life- 1 min
TPS Reports- min
Working Tomorrow- 1 min
Office Space Bob Interview- 2 min

20. Science of Motivation
You will now hear a presentation from a social scientist on motivation.
Please record five quotes and three questions that relate to motivation you feel are worth further discussion
Ask Ted- Motivation 18 min

21. Hunger

22. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study- Swallows baloon and the balloon is filled up it recorded his contractions to a recording device
Conclusion was that he was having stomach contractions every time he was hungry

23. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Hypothalamus-
influences eating

24. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

25. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

29. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

30. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

31. How does this look….. HBO- Eating Disorder Clinic- 8 min
Bulimia- Dr. Phil- 3 min
Eating Disorder Statistics
Eating Disorders in Hollywood- 4:30

32. Obesity We are going to learn about the psychology behind obesity
First, let’s get an idea of the bigger picture.
Please record three quotes stand stood out to you….. Nightline- Obesity in America- 8 min

33. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity

34. Weight Discrimination

35. Weight Discrimination

36. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells- We store energy in fat cells, which become lager and more numerous if we are obese and smaller if we lose weight

37. Fat Cells An adult has 30 to 40 billion fat cells
A fat cell can vary from relatively empty (like a deflated balloon)
In an obese person the fat cells may swell to nearly triple their original size and then divide and increase fat cells to nearly 80 billion

38. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
66% of Americans are overweight
Store moderate amounts of fat for energy
Those overweight over 40 die an average of three years younger

39. Set Point and Metabolism
Once we become fat we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it
Fat has less of a metabolic rate- it takes less food energy to maintain
When an overweight persons body drops below its previous set point, the person’s hunger increases and metabolism decreases.
The body adapts to starvation and burns off fewer calories

40. How does this work?
In a month long experiment, obese patients whose daily food intake was reduced from 3500 to 450 calories lost only 6 percent of their weight partly because their body reacted like they were being starved

41. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
Identical twins have similar weights even when reared apart
FTO gene nearly doubles the risk of become obese

42. But there is also nurture…
Sleep loss is correlated to obesity
Social Influence- higher likelihood of being obese if your close friends are obese
Lack of activity and exercise
Unhealthy fast food and highly processed diet
Some want fast food tax, higher insurance premiums, junk food free schools

43. How much do we think we need to eat?

44. Hardees's Country Breakfast Burrito packs 920 calories and 60 fat grams.

45. U.S vs. Europe

46. Obesity, culture and the food industry
US vs. European Portion Sizes
Please record five quotes you feel would be valuable for a psychologist to know in treating an obese patient
Quote 1
Quote 2
Quote 3
Quote 4
Quote 5

47. Obesity, culture and the food industry
Obesity and Proximity to Fast Food Restaurants
Quote 1
Quote 2
Quote 3
Quote 4
Quote 5

48. Fast Food and Fat Profits
Fast Food and Obesity in America- 23 minutes
Obesity Map and Trends
If you need to review the film go to you tube and search Fast food, fat profits: Obesity in America
Quote 1
Quote 2
Quote 3
Quote 4
Quote 5

49. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

50. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

51. The Psychology of Sex
External stimuli such as seeing, hearing, or reading adult material have similar effects on both men and women according to studies
Sexually explicit material can have adverse effects and objectify women and increase violence towards women (think Ted Bundy)

52. The Psychology of Sex Studies have show that:
Males that view sexually attractive women in different forms of media find an average woman or their own girlfriend or wife less attractive
Viewing adult films diminishes people’s satisfaction with their own sexual partner

53. Imagined Stimuli
The brain is considered to be the most sexually responsive part of the body
Imagination and fantasies can cause arousal
Dreams are highly associated with sexual arousal
Increased sexual fantasies is not considered maladaptive behavior

54. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

55. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

56. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

57. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

58. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

59. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs
xxx

60. STI cont….
70% of all new infections occur in people under the age of 25
Nearly 40% of all sexually experienced female teenagers have an STI
Condoms offer little protection against skin to skin STI (such as genital herpes and warts)
Thailand promoted 100 percent condom use by commercial sex workers and STI’s decreased from 420,00 to 28,00 over a four year period

61. What is the responsibility of schools?
Abstinence education vs. sex ed education
What are the pro’s and con’s of each?
Moral and religious principles and the role of school

62. Let’s look at some research
Consider: Do you think the title of the article sends a negative message?
What are some key quotes that stood out to you?
STD's are normal article

63. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation
Sexual orientation statistics

64. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
Origins of sexual orientation studies
Fraternal birth order effect
Same-sex attraction in animals
The brain and sexual orientation
Genes and sexual orientation
Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

65. Birth order and sexual preference theories
Fraternal birth order effect- men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay- about one third more likely for each additional brother
If the odds of homosexuality are roughly 2 percent among first sons, they would rise to 3 percent for seconds sons and 4 percent for third sons and so on

66. Why?
The theory suggests that with each pregnancy with a male fetus, the maternal antibodies become stronger and may prevent the brain from developing in a male typical pattern

67. Same Sex Attraction in Animals
Several hundred species show signs of same sex relationships have been observed

68. Brain and Sexual Orientation
Recent studies have found that gay men and straight women have brain hemispheres of similar size. Lesbian women and straight men have larger right hemispheres
Hypothalamus plays a role- When straight women are given a whiff of a scent derived from a man’s sweat their hypothalamus lights up in an area governing sexual arousal. But straight men only show the arousal response to female hormones

69. Genes and Sexual Orientation
Identical twins are more likely to share a homosexual orientation than fraternal twins
Experimenters have manipulated the genes of fruit flies that make female fruit flies court like men fruit flies
Hamer X 28 chromosome found to be a high correlation to homosexuality

70. The debate continues…
New research continues to come out on the origins of sexuality and there is still evidence that supports both nature and nurture

71. The End

72. Definition Slides

73. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

74. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

75. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. If we are water deprived, our thirst drives us to drink and restore the body’s natural state (homeostasis)

76. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Helps explain the need for drive reduction theory

77. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

78. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

79. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

80. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

81. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

82. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

83. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

84. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

85. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

86. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

87. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

88. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

89. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).