1. Alternative Energy in America Brian Heins CBE 562 September 28 th, 2006

2. CBE Perspective : Mass Balance  Mass Balance: Aside from meteors (input) and astronauts (occasional output), the Earth weighs a constant 5.972 x 10 24 kg  Other Facts: –The diameter is about 12,756 km –Cross-sectional area: 1.28*10 14 m 2

3. CBE Perspective: Energy Balance  Assuming the Earth only receives input energy from the Sun: –Solar constant = 1370 W/m 2 –On a clear day: 1000 W/m 2 at the surface –This corresponds to 1.05*10 19 Btu/day (1 Btu = 1055 J = 1055 W*s)

4. CBE Perspective: Energy Balance  Fortunately for us, this energy does not accumulate for long.  A few possible conversions: –[Photosynthesis]Chemical energy – [Solar Panels] Electrical energy – [Wind] Kinetic energy – [Evaporation] Potential energy  Eventually, back to heat: – [Thermal radiation] Off the planet

5. We Know Many Types of Energy  Fossil Fuels –Coal –Fuel Oil –Kerosene –LPG –Natural Gas –Oil  Renewables –Bioenergy –Geothermal –Hydrogen –Hydropower –Solar –Wind  Others –Nuclear –Fusion

7. Alternative to what?  Fossil Fuels? –Major source of pollution –Will not last forever  Nuclear? –Radioactive waste –Will not last forever  Itself? –Hydroelectric dams fill with silt –Geothermal sites cool down over time

8. Goal of Alternative Energy  Provide energy to meet demand  Be renewable and/or sustainable  Be “green” –Non-polluting –Environmentally friendly –Little or no greenhouse gas emissions

9. What is the demand?

10. Consumers Consumers

11. Question: Who Consumes the Most?

12. Commercial End Usage (1999) Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil Space Heating 1,483155167 Water Heating 275376 Cooking20065 Cooling8793 Lighting716 Office Equipment 555 Refrigeration266 Ventilation226 Other592886 (Trillion BTU)

13. Commercial Usage  Natural Gas:2,023 Trillion BTU  Electricity:3,098 Trillion BTU  Fuel Oil:197 Trillion BTU  Total Usage:5.32 Quadrillion BTU  Equivalent to 39 Cubic Miles of Gasoline

14. Commercial Comparison

15. Residential Usage Percentage Usage By Energy Type Annual Usage Cost to User SpaceAirWaterAppliances (Trillion BTU) ($ / Million BTU) HeatingConditioningHeating Electricity389025.8010%15%9%67% Fuel Oil 7108.9182%18% Kerosene5011.09100% LPG38014.8774%13%13% Natural Gas 48409.7069%24%8%

16. Residential Totals  Natural Gas:4,840 Trillion BTU  Electricity:3,890 Trillion BTU  Other Fuels:1,140 Trillion BTU  Total Usage:9.87 Quadrillion BTU  Energy ~ 700,000 Space Shuttle Launches (1 Shuttle Launch ~ 1.5*10 10 BTU)

17. Transportation Natural Gas Petroleum Alcohol Fuels Elec. Elec. Losses Total199866624,537117173825,259 200470527,004296265827,793 (Trillion BTU)

18. Industrial Energy Usage (1998)  Look at seven major industries: –Aluminum –Chemicals –Forest Products –Glass –Metal Casting –Petroleum –Steel

19. Aluminum 660 Trillion BTU/yr

20. Chemicals 7374 Trillion BTU/yr

21. Forest Products 654 Trillion BTU/yr

22. Glass 293 Trillion BTU/yr

23. Metal Casting 367 Trillion BTU/yr

24. Petroleum 6500 Trillion BTU/yr

25. Steel 2194 Trillion BTU/yr

26. Industrial Total (1998)  18.0 Quadrillion BTU’s from these industries  That’s: 18,000,000,000,000,000 BTU’s  Or: 8.1 Trillion McDonald’s Big Macs (1 Big Mac = 560 Cals = 560,000 cals = 2222 BTU’s)

27. Industrial Comparison

28. Grand Total For 1998  95.2 Quadrillion BTU’s  Includes a lot of electrical losses which were not included in previous totals  ~700 Cubic miles of gasoline  ~6 million shuttle launches  ~Energy of everyone on earth eating 7,000 Big Macs

29. Overview (2004) Values are given in quadrillion BTU

30. Energy Usage History (in quadrillion BTU) YearCoalCoal Imp.Nat. GasPetroleumTotalNuclearHydro.W,W,&AGeothermalSolarWindTotalElec. Imp.Total 194911.981-0.0075.14511.88329.00201.4251.549NA 2.9740.00531.982 195012.3470.0015.96813.31531.63201.4151.562NA 2.9780.00634.616 195511.167-0.018.99817.25537.4101.361.424NA 2.7840.01440.208 19609.838-0.00612.38519.91942.1370.0061.6081.320.001NA 2.9290.01545.087 196511.581-0.01815.76923.24650.5770.0432.0591.3350.004NA 3.398(s)54.017 197012.265-0.05821.79529.52163.5220.2392.6341.4310.011NA 4.0760.00767.844 197111.598-0.03322.46930.56164.5960.4132.8241.4320.012NA 4.2680.01269.289 197212.077-0.02622.69832.94767.6960.5842.8641.5030.031NA 4.3980.02672.704 197312.971-0.00722.51234.8470.3160.912.8611.5290.043NA 4.4330.04975.708 197412.6630.05621.73233.45567.9061.2723.1771.540.053NA 4.7690.04373.991 197512.6630.01419.94832.73165.3551.93.1551.4990.07NA 4.7230.02171.999 197613.584(s)20.34535.17569.1042.1112.9761.7130.078NA 4.7680.02976.012 197713.9220.01519.93137.12270.9892.7022.3331.8380.077NA 4.2490.05978 197813.7660.1252037.96571.8563.0242.9372.0380.064NA 5.0390.06779.986 197915.040.06320.66637.12372.8922.7762.9312.1520.084NA 5.1660.06980.903 198015.423-0.03520.39434.20269.9842.7392.92.4850.11NA 5.4940.07178.289 198115.908-0.01619.92831.93167.753.0082.7582.590.123NA 5.4710.11376.342 198215.322-0.02218.50530.23264.0373.1313.2662.6150.105NA 5.9850.173.253 198315.894-0.01617.35730.05463.293.2033.5272.8310.129NA(s)6.4880.12173.101 198417.071-0.01118.50731.05166.6173.5533.3862.880.165(s) 6.4310.13576.736 198517.478-0.01317.83430.92266.2214.0762.972.8640.198(s) 6.0330.1476.469 198617.26-0.01716.70832.19666.1484.383.0712.8410.219(s) 6.1320.12276.782 198718.0080.00917.74432.86568.6264.7542.6352.8230.229(s) 5.6870.15879.225 198818.8460.0418.55234.22271.665.5872.3342.9370.217(s) 5.4890.10882.844 198919.070.0319.71234.21173.0235.6022.8373.0620.3170.0550.0226.2940.03784.957 199019.1730.00519.7333.55372.466.1043.0462.6620.3360.060.0296.1330.00884.704 199118.9920.0120.14932.84571.9966.4223.0162.7020.3460.0630.0316.1580.06784.643 199219.1220.03520.83533.52773.5196.4792.6172.8470.3490.0640.035.9070.08785.992 199319.8350.02721.351433.8475.0556.412.89242.80.3640.0660.0316.1560.09587.619 199419.9090.05821.84234.6776.486.6942.6832.9390.3380.0690.0366.0650.15389.283 199520.0890.06122.78434.55377.4887.0753.2053.0680.2940.070.0336.6690.13491.25 199621.0020.02323.19735.75779.9787.0873.593.1270.3160.0710.0337.1370.13794.256 199721.4450.04623.32936.26681.0866.5973.643.0060.3250.070.0347.0750.11694.769 199821.6560.06722.93636.93481.5927.0683.2972.8350.3280.070.0316.5610.08895.192 199921.6230.05823.0137.9682.657.613.2682.8850.3310.0690.0466.5990.09996.836 200022.580.06523.91638.40484.9657.8622.8112.9070.3170.0660.0576.1580.11598.961 200121.9140.02922.90638.33383.1828.0332.2422.640.3110.0650.075.3280.07596.472 200221.9040.06123.62838.40183.9948.1432.6892.6480.3280.0640.1055.8350.07897.877 200322.3210.05123.06939.04784.4877.9592.8252.740.3390.0640.1156.0820.02298.311 200422.390.13822.99140.1385.6498.2322.7252.8450.340.0630.1436.1160.03999.74

31. State Comparisons (2001)

32. So what’s the global outlook?  The United States is one country.

33. For good or for bad…  A recent Exxon Mobil study found that “oil should remain plentiful and affordable at least through 2030.”  This is based on the fact that the world has consumed about 1 trillion barrels of “easy” oil.  There are an estimated 6-8 trillion barrels of total within the Earth.  About 40% of these are “easy.”

34. Alternative Energy  Enough of that!  Let’s take a look at: –Bioenergy –Fusion –Geothermal –Hydrogen –Hydropower –Solar –Wind

35. Guesses? BBBBioenergy FFFFusion GGGGeothermal HHHHydrogen HHHHydropower SSSSolar WWWWind

36. Alternative Energy Breakdown Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.

37. Bioenergy

38. Bioenergy  Combines the fun of shredding things and burning them for energy  Also known as Biomass  Largest renewable energy source (passed hydroelectric in 2000)  Main sources: wood, municipal waste, and alcohol fuels

39. Wood, Paper, Pulp, Lumber, etc.  Three sources: –Forests –Civic projects –Lumber and paper waste paper waste (Black Liquor)

40. Other Sources of Bioenergy  Municipal waste (any guesses where this comes from?)  Alcohol fuels –Ethanol in gasoline –Biodiesel  Animal fat or vegetable oil transformed with alcohol  E-diesel: an ethanol diesel mix –2.81 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn (not necessarily used for energy)

41. Notes for Bioenergy  Paper mills actually consume about 40% of the bioenergy produced annually  Biomass still pollutes  But: no net carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere  Maximum annual supply 8 quadrillion BTU (1990)

42. Fusion

43. Fusion  Can you say theoretical?

44. Fusion  Fusion output has increased by a factor of a trillion since 1970 (computers: only 100,000)  France to be future site of a fusion power plant

45. Fusion  No major comments  So far, major consumer of energy –No fusion reactor has ever produced more energy than needed to sustain it  See what happens…

46. Geothermal

47. Geothermal  Use Earth’s heat as energy  Power plants usually use mile+ deep wells: –Dry steamSteam turns turbine directly –Flash steamHot water vaporizes to form steam and power turbines –Binary-cycleUse water to vaporize more volatile liquids

48. Geothermal  Provide local heating/cooling with shallow wells (heat pump applications) –Heat a building or a community –Melt snow under roads –Pasteurize milk  Most geothermal reservoirs are located in Western States, Alaska, and Hawaii  Future goal: extract heat from magma

49. Geothermal  Home town example: Fond du Lac High School  Estimated 40% reduction in energy costs

50. Geothermal  Overall, the United States has enough energy to supply 2.8 million average homes  Most houses are unable to use geothermal electricity directly  Instead: use ground source heat pumps to lower heating and cooling costs –Need knowledgeable contractors and capital –Payback time of 2-10 years

51. Hydrogen

52. What is the government doing?

53. Hydrogen and Efficiency  Hydrogen can be produced in a plant at about 60% efficiency  Electricity has an efficiency of 35%  Automotive hydrogen fuel cells are about 40-60% efficient  Automobile gasoline is only about 30% efficient

54. Hydrogen Basics  Energy content: –120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for gasoline –8 MJ/liter for liquid hydrogen versus 32 MJ/liter for gasoline

55. Hydrogen Basics  Storage: –Need to store 5-13 kg of hydrogen to compete with gasoline –As a gas: 5,000-10,000 psi –As a liquid: -252.8°C

56. Hydrogen Basics  Storage: –Via adsorption or absorption:

57. Hydrogen Basics  Hydrogen is produced in many ways: –Steam reforming of natural gas (methane) –Water Splitting via combinations of:  Chemicals  Heat  Light  Biological Systems –Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.html

58. Hydrogen Usage  Fuel cells are the main way hydrogen is utilized.  Fuel cell animation: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.html  Many fuel cells contain fuel processors which must reform the fuel before it can enter the fuel cell stack (for fuel cells running on methane, gasoline, etc.)

59. Hydrogen Usage  Efficient over a range of outputs, from 1kW to hundreds of MW.  Efficiency of 80% for co-generation uses (produce both electricity and heat)

60. Hydrogen Challenges  Cost – $25-35/kW (for automobile uses)  Durability – largely untested  System Size – currently large and heavy  Energy management – needs large heat exchangers, etc.  Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdf

61. Excerpt from Report:

62. Hydropower

63. Types of Hydropower  Impoundment –Stores water behind a dam in a reservoir  Diversion or run-of-river –Diverts water from a river through turbines –May not require a dam  Pumped storage –Able to pump water from a low reservoir to a high reservoir when demand is low

64. Hydroelectric Turbines  3 Common types: Pelton, Francis, Propeller  Range in size from 200 to 800 megawatts  Vary based on head: from 10-300 ft to 50- 6,000 ft  Various flow arrangements available

65. Hydroelectricity  Essentially emission-free  Causes “fish injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.”

66. Solar

67. Solar  Popularly thought of as one of those alternative energy sources…  Only accounts for 1% of total renewable energy consumed

68. Solar Types  Concentration –Produce steam by concentration light –Looks to be viable (according to government)  Photovoltaic cells –Untreated surface reflects 30% of the light –High and low wavelengths are useless, only about 45% of the light can be utilized –Lose efficiency due to recombination of charges, resistance, and high temperatures

69. Photovoltaic Comments  Emission-free  Why such little popularity? –Usually costs more than local utilities –Costs increases dramatically to go from 95% availability to 99.99% availability

70. Solar Types  Solar Heating –Passive (technically, this provides a ridiculous amount of energy… which we will ignore) –Active  Liquid or gas heated by sunlight  Heat rooms or water  Can be stored for later (liquid usually)

71. Solar Types  Solar Lighting –Used to be common –Thomas Edison came along –Coming back as hybrid lighting  Hybrid Lighting –Optic fiber route sunlight into hybrid fixtures –Sensors monitor input light and adjust electricity to maintain brightness

72. Wind

73. Wind  Fastest-growing alternative energy  A form of solar energy (though technically, everything is)  Wind turbines are growing larger and more efficient  Current GE Prototype is 3.6 megawatt (300 operating 35% of the time would produce 1 trillion BTU)

74. How it Works (Horizontal Axis) v

75. Wind Comments  Clean, relatively cheap, minimal land use  More expensive than standard power plant both initially and based on power output  Wind is intermittent  Good locations are often remote  Noise, appearance, bird-smacking abilities are also possible issues

76. Pie Chart Review Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.

77. Projections

78. References  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdf  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdf  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdf  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdf  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdf  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.html  http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306 http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306

79. References  http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htm http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htm  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html  http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560 http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560  http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/basics. html http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/basics. html http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/basics. html  http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html  http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.html  http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/d ocuments/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/d ocuments/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/d ocuments/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp  http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.html http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.html  http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/ http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/  http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html  http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html