1. America Moves to the City, 1865 - 1900 AP U.S. History Chapter 25

2. THE URBAN FRONTIER Population in 1900 doubled to about 80 million (16.2 million were immigrants) Cities growing up and out Skyscrapers Louis Sullivan Buffalo, NY Chicago St. Louis 1 st skyscraper - 1885

3. Commuting increased due to mass-transit –“Street car cities” – 1890s – electric trolleys, elevated railroads, and subways –Bridges – Brooklyn Bridge Segregate urban workers by income!!!

4. Residential Suburbs Factors that promoted suburban growth: –Abundant land available for low cost –Inexpensive transportation –Low cost construction methods – wood framed houses –Ethnic and racial prejudice –American fondness for grass, privacy, and detached individual houses

5. 3 Groups Moving to Cities 1. Farmers 2. African Americans 3. Immigrants - largest

6. Rural to Cities Industrial jobs brought people to cities Lure of entertainment, electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones Cities gave women career opportunities Millions of Southern Blacks moved to cities (Great Migration biggest movement during WWI)

7. Immigration “Old Immigrants” 1860s – 1880s Northern and Western Europe Language, level of literacy, occupational skills similar – easily accepted Rural “New Immigrants” After 1890 Southern and Eastern Europe Poor, illiterate, no democratic traditions, Catholics, Jews – not accepted Urban

8. Most came through Ellis Island in New York harbor from 1882-1954

11. Chinese and Japanese 1851 – 1883 – 300,000 Chinese to West Coast. Why come? Fleeing famine, oppressive government, and Civil War. Also looking for gold, working for the RR 1884 – Japanese emigration to Hawaii to work on plantations (sugar cane). 1898 annexation of HI led to Japanese immigration to the US. 1907 – 30,000 Japanese came to the US (peak).

12. Anti-Asian Sentiment lower wages served as strikebreakers strange customs looked different 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – banned all Chinese from entering the country

13. Also scared Japanese and other Asian’s would take jobs. Japan had just defeated Russian and agitators used this – “Yellow Peril” 1906 – Asian children segregated in schools. Japan upset over treatment. 1907/08 – Gentlemen’s Agreement – TR and Japan – Japan would limit immigration of unskilled workers and US would repeal segregation order.

14. Urbanization and Industrialization Happened at same time Cities – cheap labor force, market for goods 1900 – 40% of Americans lived in towns/cities 1920 – more urban than rural

15. Challenges of Cities … Rampant crime: prostitution, cocaine, gambling, violent crime. Unsanitary conditions persisted as cities could not keep up with growth "Dumbell" tenement Pages 559 – 560

20. Immigrant Cultures in America As rich moved out to suburbs, immigrant poor moved in Ethnic neighborhoods – “ghettos” – maintain own culture, language Foreign-language newspapers, theaters, food stores, restaurants, parishes, social clubs. Catholic parochial schools

21. Push/Pull Factors Economic: Push – farmlands worn out, large-scale commercial farming drove them off their land, and low wages and unemployment due to machines. Pull – America seen as land of opportunity – fertile lands for little or no cost and expanding economy offered opportunities for jobs. Also rising populations in Europe – doubled to 400 million. This led to competition for jobs in Europe. Political: Push – European governments controlled by upper class with common people having no say so in political matters. Pull – America democratic with people having a strong voice in government. Social: Push – Europe – rigid class distinctions, few educational opportunities for poor, discrimination against religious minorities. Jew pushed out of Russia. Pull – America land of equality where they could rise in social status. “American Letters”

22. REACTIONS TO THE NEW IMMIGRATION Political machines catered to new immigrants Bosses often traded jobs and services for votes (creating powerful immigrant voting blocks) Tammany Hall – New York City, “Boss Tweed” –Did bring modern services to the city

23. Thomas Nast – political cartoonist who brought attention to the Tweed Ring – finally broken in 1871.

24. Social Crusaders Reformers hated these practices; wanted to curb power of political machines Social Gospel advocates emerged –Christianity should improve life on earth –improve problems of alcoholism & unemployment Washington Gladden: Sought to open churches in working class districts. Salvation Army – aid to homeless/poor

25. Settlement House Movement Primarily a women’s movement, northern, white, middle-class, college-educated and prosperous. Jane Addams - living among the poor –Established Hull House in Chicago - immigrants were taught English, classes in nutrition, health, and child care, social gatherings. Helped immigrants cope with American big-city life Lillian Wald -- Henry Street Settlement in NY. Settlement houses became centers of women’s activism and social reform.

27. NARROWING THE WELCOME MAT Nativists viewed Eastern and Southern Europeans as culturally and religiously exotic and often treated them badly. –Alarmed at high birthrates –willingness to work for "starvation" wages. –Concerned at foreign doctrines e.g. socialism, communism & anarchism. American Protective Association (APA) formed in 1887 – supported immigration restrictions Congress – 1882 – banned paupers, criminals, and convicts. 1885 – banned foreign workers under contract (usually working for substandard wages). Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

28. DARWIN DISRUPTS THE CHURCHES Churches confront urban challenge Origin of the Species (1859) theory that humans had slowly evolved from lower life forms -- Cast serious doubt on the literal interpretation of the Bible, esp. creationism. Created rifts in the churches and colleges of post Civil War era. “Fundamentalists" VS."Modernists"

29. THE LUST FOR LEARNING Tax-supported elementary schools Grade-school education compulsory Public high schools increased Kindergarten Private Catholic parochial schools grew Chautauqua movement began in 1874 in NY to educate adults. 90% literacy rate WHY??? Free government can not function without educated citizens!!!

30. Higher Education Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to states for support of education. Philanthropists Women’s Colleges

31. BTW vs. WEB Booker T. Washington –Tuskegee, AL –Useful trades as a means towards self- respect and economic equality –Accommodation – accept segregation for now GRADUAL!!!!! W.E.B. DuBois – opposed BTW – demanded IMMEDIATE social and economic equality for Af – Am, led by “Talented 10 th ” –Niagara Movement – immediate end to segregation –NAACP

32. The Press Joseph Pulitzer: Yellow Journalism attributed to his newspapers William Randolph Hearst also built up a powerful chain of newspapers

33. The New Morality Victoria Woodhull’s periodical Woodhull and Clafin’s Weekly included feminist propaganda for women’s suffrage, equal rights, and "free love." Comstock Law" of 1873 passed by Congress forbade publishing of “provocative” sexual material (e.g. discussion of birth control) New Urban environment hard on families – separated from families, subjected to stress. Launched the era of divorce Birthrates continued to drop, marriages delayed. Voting – Carrie Chapman Catt Women were increasingly given the right to vote in local elections (WY – first state to give women unrestricted suffrage).

34. Crusade for the Prohibition of Alcohol Liquor consumption increased in years following Civil War. 1. Immigrant groups resisted temperance or prohibition laws. 2. Saloons in late-19th century were exclusively male. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) organized in 1874 –Led by Francis Willard - Increasingly saw alcoholism as result of poverty, not the cause. Put enormous pressure on states to abolish alcohol; somewhat successful. Carrie A. Nation Anti-Saloon League formed in 1893 Statewide prohibition laws now sweeping new states during the Progressive Era. -- In 1919, 18 th Amendment made alcohol illegal (lasted only 14 years).

36. Women’s Rights National American Women’s Suffrage Association (formed in 1890) – NAWSA – equal rights (esp right to vote) Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony American Women Suffrage Association led by Lucy Stone.