1. Aeronautical information
AIR NAVIGATION - Provide services and infrastructure to ensure the safety and efficiency of traffic flow.
Air Traffic Flow
Infrastructure (Communications, Navigation and Surveillance)
Aeronautical information

2. Reduce to zero the conflicts between aircraft.
Air traffic
Main Objective:
Reduce to zero the conflicts between aircraft.
Security boundaries in two levels:
Structure of airspace
Control and surveillance of aircraft system
*A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft lose the established minimum separation of safety

3. Separation assurance
Every aircraft has an associated Volume of Protection (VoP)
In the same airspace, between aircraft there must be:
Vertical separation
Horizontal separation.
The VoP of the aircraft must not intersect!!

4. Air traffic structure AIRSPACE ORGANIZATION Infrastructure
Air traffic congestion
División del espacio aéreo en planta.

5. Air traffic structure Control zones
ATZ: Aerodrome Traffic Zone. Responsibility of the control tower.
CTR: Control Zone. It facilitates the entrance and deparuture of IFR flights from and to the airport. It is the responsibility of the approach control.
TMA: Terminal Control Area. It marks the boundary of the en-route phase. It might contain one or more airports.
+ En-route control

6. Airspace structure Vertical distribution of airspace
>FL460 services of warning and flight information
FL 460
Controlled airspace
UIR
FL 245
Controlled airspace: Airways, TMA, CTR and ATZ.
FIR
FL 0

7. Separation. Horizontal separation
Horizontal plane separation:
Route definition
Separation minima, in time or in distance:
8NM or 5NM at en-route phase.
3NM in TMA .
8 NM (or 5NM)

8. Concept of surveillance
Objetive:
The air traffic Controller should know the aircraft position and intention which allows him to use this information to take the control actions needed to maintain the aircraft flow safe and efficient.
Who
Air Traffic Controller (ATCO)
To what
Aircraft
Where
Airspace under responsibility: sector ATC sector
What provides
Current position of aircraft
Intention of aircraft

9. Surveillance
Through:
Flight plan to foresee the intention
Control and surveillance
Position and WayPoints are notified / Radar position of aircraft

10. Kinds of control and dependencies
Kind of traffic depending of area
En-route phase
Climb/ Descent phase
Airport operations
Evolution sector
Feeder
En-route control (ACC)
Approach control (APP)
Aerodrome control (tower)

11. Control. Aerodrome control
Kinds of aerodrome control:
CLEARANCES control
Organization of the aircraft departures.
LOCAL control
Maintain separation of aircraft operating in the airside.
Separation of arrivals and departures operations.
TAXI / SURFACE control
Responsible for the traffic organization and other vehicles on the platform.

12. Control. Departure operations. Before flight.
Information about any incident which might affect the flight:
AIP
NOTAM
Meteorological information
PILOT
Flight Plan (FP):
Send to all the affected ATC.
IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).

13. TOWER CONTROL START UP request START UP y DELIVERY clearance
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION
START UP request
START UP y DELIVERY clearance
Tower control

14. TOWER CONTROL PUSH BACK request PUSH BACK and Surface control
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION
PUSH BACK request
PUSH BACK and
TAXI until HOLDING POSITION
Surface control
Tower control

15. TOWER CONTROL LINE UP and TAKE OFF Surface control
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION
LINE UP and TAKE OFF
Surface control
Departure / Aerodrome control
Tower control

16. TOWER CONTROL Surface control Departure / Aerodrome control
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION
Surface control
Departure / Aerodrome control
Approach control
Tower control

17. TOWER CONTROL Climb clearance En route control
Meteorological information of the destination airport (ADES)
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION

18. TOWER CONTROL Clearance for final approach. TOUCH DOWN
En route control
Approach control
Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or landing approach.
RUNWAY IN USE
TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION

19. TOWER CONTROL En route control Approach control RUNWAY IN USE TAXIWAY
STAND/PARKING POSITION

20. INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH
TOWER CONTROL
INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH
From en-route phase:
Arrival route allocation.
Approach starts at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).
At the IAF:
Holding pattern
The controller can fix the aircraft to manage and assure separation.

21. VISUAL APPROACH TOWER CONTROL Wind Final
RUNWAY IN USE
Objective: the aircraft should perform a maneuver which allows landing, always with the runway on-sight, which can only be performed in VMC conditions.
Visual approach circuit or aerodrome circuit:
This allows the guidance of the aircraft from visual flight towards the runway in use, and set up with the segments (tail wind, base and final).
Base
Leftwards circuit
Tail wind
The aircraft arrives to one of the segments, usually at the one with tail wind or base, and the aircraft holds until the Tower authorizes the proceeding to the next segment. This circuit is usually leftwards defined.

22. TOWER CONTROL Approach control Aerodrome control En route control
Clearance for landing
HOLDING POSITION

23. TOWER CONTROL Approach control Aerodrome control En route control
TAXI until parking position (STAND)
Movement control on platform

24. Second version

25. Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Air Navigation
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by the controllers, on ground, and which are able to provide indications to the aircraft to modify their trajectory on ground and in the trajectory within controlled airspace.
Objectives:
Avoid collisions
Organize and merge the flow of aircraft
Provide flight information and support for the pilots.

26. Tower/Aerodrome Control (TWR) Approach Control (APP)
Air Navigation
Flight information: depending on the rules followed to navigate a specific flight (Visual – VFR or Instrumental – IFR) and the kind of airspace, ATC provides instructions and notifications that the pilots must know (NOTAMs, AIP and Meteorological Information)
Kinds of control.
Tower/Aerodrome Control (TWR)
Approach Control (APP)
En-Route Control (ACC)

27. Reception of aerodrome information Start-up and Delivery request
Air Navigation
Phases of a flight:
Flight planning
Reception of aerodrome information
Start-up and Delivery request
Push-back and taxi until Holding Position
Holding position
LINE UP and TAKE OFF
En-route phase
Instrumental approach / Holding pattern
Landing and taxi to the stand position
DEPARTURE FROM AD
EN - ROUTE
APPROACH TO ADES

28. DEPARTURE FROM AD (Aerodrome Departure)

29. Air Navigation
Flight planning:
Pilot / Company fill the Flight Plan (FP) document with the information of the flight between Aerodrome Departure (AD) and destination (ADES)
- Sent to all ATC affected.
IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).
- Inform about any issue that may affect the flight:
AIP
NOTAM
Meteorological information

30. Air Navigation
Flight planning:
Flying under instrumental rules (IFR), the following are needed: Standard Instrumental Departure chart (SID); En-route (airspace); Standar Arrival chart (STAR); and Instrumental Approach chart (IAC)
The planner will need the frequencies of the towers and the Navigation Aids.

31. (Ident.), departure runway (RW), (Wind), (QNH), (temperature).
ATIS message (ATIS Broadcast)
Recepción de la información de aeródromo
This is (TWR) information (letra del informe) (hora local) weather
Wind (procedencia viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots
Visibility (X) kilometers, Ceiling (techo de nubes) feet
Temperature (ºC) celsius
Altimeter (Altitud de aeródromo) meters , QNH/QFE (xxx) hectopascal
IFR approach is ILS or visual
Departures, runway (XX)
All aircraft read back all hold short instructions. Advise controller on initial contact that you have Bravo.
End of information Kilo
(AD) Tower/Ground, Good morning, (Ident.) IFR to (ADES) request departure information.
(Ident.), departure runway (RW), (Wind), (QNH), (temperature).

32. Start-up request
Good morning (AD) ground, (ID) request taxi, following (SID name) departure
Start-up request
(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South), report at holding point (RW), (QNH).
(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South), hold sort of (RW), (QNH).
Start-Up Clearance or
Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), to holding point, (QNH), (Ident.)
Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), holding sort of (RW), (QNH), (Ident.)

33. Clearance Delivery (Autorización)
(AD) Tower/Ground, Good morning, (Ident.) at (Actual position) request taxi for IFR Flight to (ADES)
(ID) cleared to (ADES) airport as field, (SID) departure. Climb and maintain (altitude) feet expect (time) minutes after departure.
Departure frequency is (FREQAPP)
Cleared to (ADES) airport as field, following (SID) departure
(ID) read back correct, contact ground on (FREQTWR)

34. Push-back and taxi until Holding Position

35. Hold Position (Ident.) (RW), be ready for immediate departure
(Ident.) at holding position (RW), ready for departure.
(Ident.) line up (RW)
(Ident.) hold position. You are number (position) following an aircraft
(Ident.) (RW), be ready for immediate departure
line up (RW)
holding position (Ident.)
line up (RW), (Ident.)

36. LINE UP and TAKE OFF
(AD) tower, (Ident.) ready for departure (RW) following (SID)
Take-off request
(Ident.) cleared for take-off (RW), Wind (procedencia viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots
Cleared for take-off (RW)
(Ident.) climb straight ahead to (Altitud) ft before turning (direction), cleared for take-off (RW)
Straight ahead, (Altitude) ft before turning (direction), cleared for take-off (RW), (Ident.)

37. Transfer to Approach Control (APP)
(Ident.) contact departure on (FREQAPP).
Roger (FREQ.APP), (Ident.)
Follow the chosen SID with the NavAids support

38. EN-ROUTE PHASE

39. En-route flight phase Control with pilot reports Control RADAR.
CALLSIGN TYPE
AFL XPT GS
CFL XFL ADES
HDG SPD CD
Control with pilot reports
Control RADAR.

40. STAR
En-route
SID
IAC

41. APPROACH AND ARRIVAL TO ADES (Aerodrome Destination)

42. Clearance to final approach
Approach to ADES
(ADES) approach, (ID) with you (distance to aerodrome) heading (rumbo magnetico)
Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or approach to land.
Position report to ADES
(ID) (ADES) approach, radar contact, descend and maintain 3000, turn (right/left) to (heading)/ (STAR)
(ID), go-around or
(ID) Roger. (STAR description)
(ID) Roger. On the go-around
Clearance to final approach
TOUCH DOWN
Holding pattern

43. Instrumental approach
(ID) request permission to land
Instrumental approach
(ADES) tower, (ID) you are cleared to land
IAF
Clearance for landing to HOLDING POSITION

44. (ID) follow taxiway to parking position
TAXI until stand postion
(ID) follow taxiway to parking position