1. Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Outcomes Recall the parts/function of endocrine system
Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the endocrine system.
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in treating disorders of the endocrine system.
Define the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system.
Define surgical terms related to the endocrine system.
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system.
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Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter you will be able to:
10.4 Define the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system
Define surgical terms related to the endocrine system
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system

3. 3
Structure/ Function
Group of glands act as body’s master regulator of chemicals that affect the entire body
Hormones secretion
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The endocrine system is a group of glands that act as the body’s master regulator.
It helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating the production of chemicals that affect most functions of the body.
It secretes hormones that aid the nervous system in reacting to stress, and it is an important regulator of growth and development.
Hormones are secreted by glands and carried in the bloodstream to various parts of the body.
Each type of hormone is transported differently throughout the body because of its chemical properties.
Hormone release is triggered by various factors including age and substances that increase or decrease the levels of hormone released.

4. Endocrine System Page 10-1:4
Endocrine System
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Image showing the entire endocrine systems.

5. Secretions and Functions5
Secretions and Functions
Hypothalamus
pituitary-regulating hormones ,either stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions
Neurohypophysis  
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin oxytocin ,melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),increase water reabsorption ,stimulates uterine contractions and lactation ,stimulates the production of melanin
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Hypothalamus -pituitary-regulating hormones-either stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions
Neurohypophysis (pituitary gland—posterior) =antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin oxytocin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), increase water reabsorption, stimulates uterine contractions and lactation, stimulates the production of melanin

6. Secretions and Functions6
Secretions and Functions
Adenohypophysis
Growth, somatotrophic, thyroid-stimulating, adrenocortictropic, follicle-stimulating, and luteinizing and prolactin hormones
bone and muscle growth; regulate metabolic functions, stimulates thyroid gland, stimulates adrenal cortex development of ova and production of female hormones, breast development and milk production
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Adenohypophysis
(pituitary gland—anterior) growth hormone (GH), somatotrophic hormone (STH) ,thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, stimulate bone and muscle growth; regulate some metabolic functions, such as the rate that cells utilize carbohydrates and fats, stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormones, stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones, stimulate development of ova and production of female hormones,stimulates breast development and milk production

7. Secretions and Functions7
Secretions and Functions
Thyroid
thyroxine ; triiodothyronine , calcitonin,
regulates metabolism; stimulates growth, lowers blood calcium as necessary to maintain
homeostasis
Parathyroid
 parathormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), increase blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
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Thyroid- 
thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin,
regulates metabolism; stimulates growth, lowers blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
Parathyroid-
parathormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH),
increase blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis

8. Secretions and Functions8
Secretions and Functions
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine  
React to stress
Adrenal Cortex
glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids , gonadocorticoids
 affect metabolism, growth, and aid in electrolyte and fluid balances
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Adrenal medulla: 
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), 
work with the sympathetic nervous system to react to stress
Adrenal cortex:
glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosteroids, corticosterone), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids (androgens)
affect metabolism, growth, and aid in electrolyte and fluid balances

9. Secretions and Functions9
Secretions and Functions
Pancreas
insulin, glucagons, maintains blood glucose concentration
Pineal Gland 
Melatonin, affects sexual functions and sleep cycles
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Pancreas (in islets of Langerhans):insulin, glucagons,maintain homeostasis in blood glucose concentration
 Pineal gland:Melatonin, affects sexual functions and wake-sleep cycles

10. Secretions and Functions10
Secretions and Functions
 Ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone, female sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, reproductive functions
Testes 
Androgen, testosterone, male sex characteristics, sperm production
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Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone, female sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, reproductive functions
Testes: androgen, testosterone, promote development of male sex characteristics, sperm production

11. Secretions and Functions11
Secretions and Functions
Thymus gland 
thymosin, thymic humoral factor , factor thymic serum , T cells and some B cells development; function not well understood
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Thymus gland: thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), factor thymic serum (FTS), aid in development of T cells and some B cells; function not well understood

12. Combining Forms aden(o) gland adren(o), adrenal(o) adrenal glands12
Combining Forms
 aden(o) gland
adren(o), adrenal(o) adrenal glands
gluc(o) glucose
glyc(o) glycogen
gonad(o) sex glands
pancreat(o) pancreas
parathyroid(o) parathyroid
thyr(o), thyroid(o) thyroid gland
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Combining Forms
aden(o) gland
adren(o), adrenal(o) adrenal glands
gluc(o) glucose
glyc(o) glycogen

13. Hypothalamus/Pituitary13
Hypothalamus/Pituitary
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Image of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

14. Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary Gland 14
Hypothalamus = stimulates / inhibits secretions
Pineal gland = sexual function / sleep cycles
Pituitary gland = growth and metabolism
Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary Gland  
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The hypothalamus either stimulates or inhibits pituitary secretions.
The pineal gland affects sexual functions and wake-sleep cycles.
The anterior and posterior pituitary gland affects vital functions of the body including growth and metabolism

15. Thyroid ,Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal15
Thyroid ,Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal
Thyroid affects= metabolism
Thymus gland = aids in T and B cells
Adrenal glands= metabolism, growth, fluid and electrolyte balance
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The thyroid gland is affects metabolism and calcium levels within the body.
Though the thymus gland is not well understood, it does aid in the development of T and B cells.
Metabolism, growth, fluid and electrolyte balance is affected by the hormones of the adrenal glands.

16. 16
Thyroid gland
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Illustration of the thyroid glands.

17. 17
Parathyroid glands
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Image showing the parathyroid glands

18. 18
Adrenal glands
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Image of the adrenal gland, note the location and explain the name.

19. Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes19
Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes
Pancreas = insulin = maintain glucose levels
Ovaries= estrogen and progesterone
Testes = testosterone
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The pancreas is secretes include to maintain a normal blood glucose level
Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by ovaries.
The testes secrete testosterone which is responsible for sperm production.

20. 20
Pancreas
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Image of the pancreas with close up inset showing the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, etc.

21. Diagnostic, Procedural, Lab Term21
Diagnostic, Procedural, Lab Term
Assist in diagnosing medical conditions
Often used in combination,
Lead to a final diagnosis and treatment planning
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Diagnostic, procedural and laboratory findings assist in diagnosing the medical condition.
Often used in combination, these tests lead to a final diagnosis and assist in treatment planning

22. Programmed Review fasting blood sugar glucose tolerance test (GTT)22
Programmed Review
fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood sugar
blood glucose
postprandial
blood sugar
urine sugar
glycated hemoglobin
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fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood sugar
blood glucose
postprandial
urine sugar
glycated hemoglobin

23. 23
Pathological Terms
Disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands can affect many functions within the body.
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Disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands can affect many functions within the body.

24. 24
Cretinism
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Image of a baby with cretinism

25. Grave’s disease Page 10-18:25
Grave’s disease
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Image of a female patient with Grave’s disease

26. Iodine Deficiency Page 10-18:26
Iodine Deficiency
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Image of a female native with an iodine deficiency

27. Pancreas Disorders Pancreatic disorders frequently lead to diabetes.27
Pancreas Disorders
Pancreatic disorders frequently lead to diabetes.
Diabetes can impact many other systems within the body.
pancreatitis
hypoglycemia
diabetes mellitus
diabetes
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Pancreatic disorders frequently lead to diabetes. Diabetes can impact many other systems within the body.

28. Pancreas Disorders (cont.)28
Pancreas Disorders (cont.)
Type I diabetes
(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM)
Type II diabetes
(non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM)
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Type I diabetes
(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM)
Type II diabetes
(non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM)

29. Pancreas Disorders (cont.)29
Pancreas Disorders (cont.)
glucosuria
diabetic nephropathy
diabetic neuropathy
diabetic retinopathy
acidosis
ketoacidosis
ketosis
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glucosuria
diabetic nephropathy
diabetic neuropathy
diabetic retinopathy
acidosis
ketoacidosis
ketosis

30. Endocrine System and Cancer30
Endocrine System and Cancer
Cancers occur commonly in the endocrine system
Thyroid cancer= remove gland +replace hormone
Pancreatic cancer= fatal = No good treatments
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Cancers occur commonly in the endocrine system.
Many, such as thyroid cancer, can be treated with removal of the affected gland and supplementation with a synthetic version of the necessary hormones that are then missing from the body.
Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are almost always fatal since no good treatments are currently available

31. 31
Surgical Terms
Endocrine glands that become diseased can be surgically removed.
Synthetic hormones replacement
adenectomy
adrenalectomy
hypophysectomy
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Surgical Terms
Certain endocrine glands that become diseased can be surgically removed.
Synthetic versions of the hormones they produce are given to the patients to help their bodies perform the necessary endocrine functions once the glands are removed.

32. Surgical Terms (cont.) pancreatectomy parathyroidectomy thymectomy32
Surgical Terms (cont.)
pancreatectomy
parathyroidectomy
thymectomy
Thyroidectomy
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
antiphypoglycemic
antihyperglycemic
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Pancreatectomy
Parathyroidectomy
Thymectomy
thyroidectomy

33. Surgical Terms (cont.) hypoglycemic human growth hormone steroids33
Surgical Terms (cont.)
hypoglycemic
human growth hormone
steroids
radioactive iodine therapy
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
antiphypoglycemic
antihyperglycemic
hypoglycemic
human growth hormone
steroids
radioactive iodine therapy

34. Chapter Review Recall the parts/function of endocrine system34
Chapter Review
Recall the parts/function of endocrine system
Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the endocrine system.
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in treating disorders of the endocrine system.
Define the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system.
Define surgical terms related to the endocrine system.
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system.
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10.1 Name the parts of the endocrine system and discuss the function of each part
The function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones 
10.2 Know the major word parts used in building words that relate to the -endocrine system
Word building requires knowledge of the combining form and meaning.
10.3 Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in testing and treating disorders of the endocrine system
 Diagnostic, procedural and laboratory findings assist the health care provider in diagnosing medical conditions.
Often used in combination, these tests lead to a final diagnosis and assist in treatment planning