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North vs South Civil War
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The South’s Decision Secession Compact vs. Perpetual Union S.C secedes
Feb (C.S.A) Confederate States of America
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The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens
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A Northern View of Jeff Davis
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The North’s Decision Crittenden Compromise (Constit. amendment
Enforce Fugitive Slave Law Union would accept free or slave states MO Compromise line to the Pacific Lincoln/Republicans reject Undermine the democratic principle of majority rule (remember platform include Free Soilers)
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Ft. Sumter South starts the war
Lincoln wants to send provisions to the fort South attacks and takes fort Lincoln: Calls for troops Places MY under “martial law” Suspends habeas corpus Upper South secedes
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Civil War Defined Attrition- a wearing down or weakening of resistance by continuous pressure Elements of Total War-complete use of resources/ppl B/c didn’t preserve Southern infrastructure But, North not a war economy
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North’s Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan
Blockade South Control the Miss. River Attack Richmond
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The Union Disadvantages Advantages Not fully supported
Civil unrest (draft) Military leadership Exception= Grant Advantages Population (22 Mill) Immigrants (800,000) Black soldiers (180,000) 85% Industry; 65% Farms Tactical Plan and Aims U.S navy ¾ of nation’s income Revenue: taxes, bonds
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The Confederacy Advantages Disadvantages Home field advantage Supplies
Cotton (bargain power) Govt arsenal supply Talented officers Railroads where needed High Morale Disadvantages Supplies Smaller pop. (5.5 mill) Food b/c cash crops Inflation Leadership State’s rights undermine organization Slavery
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Rating the North & the South
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Railroad Lines, 1860
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Resources: North & the South
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860
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George McClellan, Again!
Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!
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Battle of Bull Run July, 1861 Drew spectators from North
Southern victory Confed. Stonewall Jackson Ended illusion of short war When the Union army was driven back, the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages
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The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3
Trent Affair (1861) Union ship stopped a British ship (Trent) and removed two Confederate diplomats (Mason and Slidell) GB threaten war over POWs Lincoln released the prisoners Brother Jonathan was a symbol of a Nation made up of a group of equal and somewhat autonomous states. Jonathan was a symbol of our brother and our equal in another state. Jonathan symbolized a Nation in which the States were primary, and the federal government was secondary. Uncle Sam, on the other hand, represented the federal government. As an Uncle, he was our elder, our superior, and our protector. The transition from Brother Jonathan to Uncle Sam was accompanied by a peculiar transition in grammar. Prior to the Civil War, while Brother Jonathan was our symbol, the words "United States" were treated as two words with "States" being plural. For example, you would see sentences like this: "With the end of the Mexican War, the United States are at peace" During the Civil War, the dialect changed, and "United States" became a singular word. United States would be followed by the word "is" instead of the word "are". For example: "With the end of the Civil War, the United States is at peace" Uncle Sam became the symbol of a nation in which power resided at the federal level, replacing Brother Jonathan, who was the symbol of a Nation in which the power resided at the state level. The Civil War settled this issue, and with the issue being settled, Uncle Sam became an enduring symbol for the United States.
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The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3 Part II
The Alabama – Confederate raider Purchased from GB GB promised to give $15.5 mill for damages Captured 60 vessels and was sunk in 1864 Results : North had to divert naval strength from the blockade Laird’s Ram (1863) GB about to buy ships with iron rams U.S threatens war; GB cancels sale
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The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3 Part III
RECOGNITION," or "NO." J. BULL to NAPOLEON III. "Can you recognize that thing they call the C. S. A. ?" NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow who stands in front." The Diplomatic Struggle Part III England South wanted them to end the blockade. Rely on fact that GB wants cotton GB decides on hands off policy Egypt and India increase their output B/c of famine need wheat from North France Won’t recognize South unless GB does
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The War (1862) Peninsula Campaign 2nd Battle of Bull Run
McClellan (U) attacks VA After 5 months, retreats. Bad move Lincoln replaces McClellan with Pope 2nd Battle of Bull Run Lee defeats Pope (U)
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The Battle of the Ironclads March 1862
The Monitor vs. the Merrimac Establishes Union naval dominance Changes naval warfare!
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Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties
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1862 Conscription Law (South) Western Campaign
Men between the ages of liable for draft Owners w/ 20 slaves or more can be exempt Western Campaign Union victories at Shiloh (Grant) and New Orleans (Farragut)
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1862 cont. Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant
160 acres of land in the West (Great Plains) settle and improve over period of five years Morrill Land Grant Large amts of fed. land given to states if est. agricultural and mechanical colleges
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Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863)
Frees slaves in Confederacy Preserve the Union Made the fight a moral issue South lost Europe Confiscation Act (1861) All enslaved ppl used to support Confederate military freed “contraband”
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The Southern View of Emancipation
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African-American Recruiting
Confiscation Act II (1861) African Americans used in military for North African American solders Assigned menial tasks Many died working long hours in unsanitary conditions Paid a 1/3rd less than whites (change mid-1864) Blacks POWs returned to slavery or executed In 1864, Confederate soldiers killed over 260 African Americans after capturing Tennessee. Most had better treatment in the navy.
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The Famous 54th Massachusetts
54th Regiment of all black soldiers and a white commander Robert Shaw. Shaw and more than half of the regiment died trying to take Ft. Wagner in SC in 1863
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Enrollment Act (North) 1863
All men between liable for draft Allowed the rich to hire subs or exempt for $300 Led to NY riots, ~120 dead
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NY Riot Gangs of New York clip of the riots and dislike of Lincoln respectively
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1863 – The Tide Turns Grant takes Vicksburg, secures Mississippi River
Gettysburg (July) Union repels Lee’s invasion into Pennsylvania Most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war Gettysburg Address
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Inflation in the South North issue Greenbacks. Leads to inflation. Also, created a National Banking System.
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Copperheads in Politics
”Peace Democrats” Supported war, but don’t like how Lincoln handles Fear war induced growth of feds and North power Oppose racial equality Lincoln re-elected 1864
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1864 Sherman’s March to the Sea Grant drives Lee from Richmond
Takes Atlanta then Savannah by December Destroyed everything in sight Broke the South Grant drives Lee from Richmond Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Assassination of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)
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Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
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Now He Belongs to the Ages!
Assassination John Wilkes Booth
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Results 13th Amendment passed 1865 Devastated Southern economy
African Americans free, not equal Devastated Southern economy Catalyst to industrialization Women nursing an viable career choice now Clara Barton (Red Cross)
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Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
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