2. SCOTUS Chapter 12

3. Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court is the ultimate court of appeals in the United States. Important functions: – Judicial Review – Resolving conflicts between states – Maintaining national supremacy in law, and ensuring uniformity in the interpretation of laws.

4. SCOTUS Their power to hear a case is discretionary. If the Supreme Court chooses to not hear a case, the lower court ruling stands. They don’t have to give any rationale for why they have chosen not to hear a case…but sometimes they do. “Rule of Four”- 4 justices must agree before Court grants review of a case

5. SCOTUS Writ of Certiorari--formal document that orders a lower court to send up the records of a case for review by SCOTUS – Most common way for the Court to put a case on its docket – Cases may be appealed from both state and federal courts (very few arise under original jurisdiction)

6. Session Session begins first Monday of October each year and usually continues through June. Justices meet in conference weekly to – Discuss list of cases (screened by clerks) and decide what they will hear (Rule of Four) – Discuss cases that have been argued before the Court and reach a decision SCOTUS receives and disposes of approximately 5-9,000 cases a year

7. Session Cases are heard with all the Justices sitting together in open court. Court hears oral arguments (30 minutes from each side) in 2-week cycles Justices will have received written briefs (statements of legal arguments, relevant facts, and precedents) from both sides beforehand. Interested parties that aren’t litigants may submit amicus curiae briefs.

8. Session Supreme Court hears about 150 cases of national importance each year, and 3/4ths of such decisions are announced in full, published opinions. Majority Opinion- expresses legal reasoning behind decision for future legal reference Concurring Opinion-written to support majority opinion, but to also stress different Constitutional or legal basis for judgement Dissenting Opinion- written by justices opposed to all or part of the majority’s decision

9. Session Vast majority of cases are settled on principle of Stare Decisis(“let the decision stand”)— earlier decision should hold for the case being considered. All courts rely heavily on precedent-- the way similar cases were handled in the past—to guide current decisions. Lower courts are expected to follow the precedents of highers courts

10. U.S. Supreme Court Supreme Court Building located in back of the U.S. Capitol. 9 Justices make up the Supreme Court – 1 Chief Justice – 8 Associate Justices – Life Term

11. U.S. Supreme Court

12. U.S. Supreme Court 2011-2012

13. John G. Roberts, Jr. Chief Justice Born in 1955 J.D. Harvard Law U.S. Court of Appeals for DC in 2003 (GWB) George W. Bush nominated him C.J in 2005 [78-22] Roman Catholic Chief Justice Born in 1955 J.D. Harvard Law U.S. Court of Appeals for DC in 2003 (GWB) George W. Bush nominated him C.J in 2005 [78-22] Roman Catholic

14. Antonin Scalia Associate Justice Born in 1936 LL.B Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1982 (Reagan) Ronald Reagan nominated him in 1986 [98-0] Roman Catholic Associate Justice Born in 1936 LL.B Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1982 (Reagan) Ronald Reagan nominated him in 1986 [98-0] Roman Catholic

15. Anthony M. Kennedy Associate Justice Born in 1936 LL.B Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals 9th Circuit in 1975 (Ford) Ronald Reagan nominated him in 1988 [97-0] Roman Catholic Associate Justice Born in 1936 LL.B Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals 9th Circuit in 1975 (Ford) Ronald Reagan nominated him in 1988 [97-0] Roman Catholic

16. Clarence Thomas Associate Justice Born in 1948 J.D. Yale U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (GHWB) George H.W. Bush nominated him in 1991 [52-48] Roman Catholic Associate Justice Born in 1948 J.D. Yale U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (GHWB) George H.W. Bush nominated him in 1991 [52-48] Roman Catholic

17. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Associate Justice Born in 1933 LL.B Columbia U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (Carter) Bill Clinton nominated her in 1993 [96-3] Jewish Associate Justice Born in 1933 LL.B Columbia U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (Carter) Bill Clinton nominated her in 1993 [96-3] Jewish

18. Steven G. Breyer Associate Justice Born in 1938 LL.B. Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (Carter) Bill Clinton nominated him in 1994 [87-9] Jewish Associate Justice Born in 1938 LL.B. Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals D.C. in 1980 (Carter) Bill Clinton nominated him in 1994 [87-9] Jewish

19. Samuel A. Alito, Jr. Associate Justice Born in 1950 J.D. Yale U.S. Court of Appeals 3rd Circuit in 1990 (GHWB) George W. Bush nominated in 2006 [58-42] Roman Catholic Associate Justice Born in 1950 J.D. Yale U.S. Court of Appeals 3rd Circuit in 1990 (GHWB) George W. Bush nominated in 2006 [58-42] Roman Catholic

20. Sonia Sotomayor Associate Justice Born in 1954 J.D. Yale U.S Court of Appeals 2nd Circuit in 1998 (Clinton) Barack Obama nominated her in 2009 [68-31] Roman Catholic Associate Justice Born in 1954 J.D. Yale U.S Court of Appeals 2nd Circuit in 1998 (Clinton) Barack Obama nominated her in 2009 [68-31] Roman Catholic

21. Elena Kagan Associate Justice Born in 1960 J.D. Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals (expired) Solicitor General represents U.S. Government Obama nominated her in 2010 [63-37] Jewish Associate Justice Born in 1960 J.D. Harvard U.S. Court of Appeals (expired) Solicitor General represents U.S. Government Obama nominated her in 2010 [63-37] Jewish

22. Justices of the Supreme Court Nine Justices: Eight Associate Justices led by a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. His/her main duty is administrational and ceremonial. Nomination and confirmation can sometimes become very “political” Conservative, Moderate, Liberal

23. Politics of Judicial Selection Appointments influenced by: A) Political ideology / Partisanship B) Interest groups C) Other Justices D) Senators

24. Federal system 94 district courts: criminal and civil cases 13 appeals courts: appellate 1 Supreme Court - Judicial review – Marbury v. Madison