1. Chief Justice of the United States: JOHN G. ROBERTS, JR. Associate Justices: ANTONIN SCALIA – President Reagan (1986) ANTHONY M. KENNEDY – President Reagan (1988) CLARENCE THOMAS – President Bush (1991) RUTH BADER GINSBURG – President Clinton (1993) STEPHEN G. BREYER – President Clinton (1994) SAMUEL A. ALITO, JR. – President Bush (2006) SONIA SOTOMAYOR – President Obama (2009) ELENA KAGAN – President Obama (2010) Retired Justices: SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR – President Reagan (1981) – Retired June 2006 DAVID H. SOUTER – President Bush (1990) – Retired June 2009 JOHN PAUL STEVENS – President Ford (1975) – Retired June 2010 The U.S. Supreme Court Justices

2. John G. Roberts Chief Justice Bush - 2005 Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr Associate Justice Bush - 2006 Stephen G. Breyer Associate Justice Clinton - 1994 Ruth Bader Ginsburg Associate Justice Clinton - 1993 Clarence Thomas Associate Justice Bush - 1991 Anthony M. Kennedy Associate Justice Reagan - 1988 Antonin Scalia Associate Justice Reagan - 1986 Elena Kagan Associate Justice Obama - 2010 Sonia Sotomayor Associate Justice Obama - 2009

3. President Harry Truman Dwight Eisenhower John Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack H. Obama Party Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Democrat Republican Democrat Appointments 4 5 2 2 4 1 0 3 2 2 2 2 The 11 U.S. presidents since World War II have appointed 28 Supreme Court members. Republicans 17, Democrats 11.

4. The U.S. Federal Court System

5. How Cases Make Their Way to the U.S. Supreme Court Each year, about 4,500 cases are requested for review by the Supreme Court. Less than 200 cases are actually decided by the Court each year. There are 3 ways for a case to make its way to the US Supreme Court. 1. There are cases in which the US Supreme Court has original jurisdiction (heard there first). Cases in which a state is a party and cases dealing with diplomatic personnel, like ambassadors, are the two examples. 2. Those cases appealed from lower federal courts can be heard at the Supreme Court. Some laws obligate (or force) the Supreme Court to hear them. But most come up for review on the writ of certiorari, a discretionary writ that the court grants or refuses at its own discretion. The writ is granted if four of the justices want it to be heard. 3. The US Supreme Court reviews appeals from state supreme courts that present substantial "federal questions," usually where a constitutional right has been denied in the state courts. In both civil and criminal law, the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal.

6. MARBURY v. MADISON (1803) Judicial Review, Federalism BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954) School Segregation, Equal Protection MIRANDA v. ARIZONA (1966) Criminal Suspect's Rights Include Being Informed of Rights to Counsel and to Remain Silent TINKER v. DES MOINES (1969) Student Speech, Symbolic Speech ROE v. WADE (1973) Abortion, Right of Privacy UNITED STATES v. NIXON (1974) Watergate, Checks and Balances Famous Supreme Court Cases