1. Revival and Reform

2. APUSH “Take Five”
…let us expose his crimes and his foul abominations. He is reputable and must be made disreputable. He must be regarded as a moral lepor-slummed as a loathsome wretch-outlawed from Christian communion, and from social respectability—an enemy of God and man, to be execrated by the community till he shall repent of his foul crimes, and give proof of his sincerity by breaking every chain and letting the oppressed go free. Let us invoke the Press and appeal to the pulpit to deal out the righteous denunciations of heaven against oppression, fraud and wrong, and the desire of our hearts will soon be given us in the triumph of Liberty throughout all the land…

3. …I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice
…I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! NO! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest-will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat in a single inch—and I will be heard. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.

4. Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Dissenters
“Nature”
Henry David Thoreau
“Walden”
Civil Disobedience
Dissenters
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Margaret Fuller

5. (European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

6. Transcendentalist Thinking
Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
The infinite benevolence of God.
The infinite benevolence of nature.
The divinity of man.
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

7. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.

8. Ralph Waldo Emerson

9. Henry David Thoreau

10. Religion in America The Second Great Awakening
Charles Grandison Finney
Camp meetings
Circuit riders
Finis Ewing, Peter Cartwright
New denominations

11. Burned Over District (Camp Meeting)
Charles Grandison Finney

12. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

13. Circuit riders…
Peter Cartwright-Methodist Circuit Rider

14. The “burned-over” district
The Adventists
William Miller & Joshua V. Himes
Halley’s comet
Hiram Edson

15. “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

16. The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

17. William Miller

19. More “Burned Over” Relgions
The Mormons
Joseph Smith—”Golden Tablets”
Moving west
Nauvoo, IL
Brigham Young
Salt Lake City, UT Polygamy

20. Joseph Smith

21. Brigham Young had 55 wives &
57 children

22. Take Five….
Why is Utah refused admittance to the US as a State until 1869, even though they had the population and wrote a state constitution as required by Congress?

23. The Mormon “Trek”

24. Utopian communities Brook Farm George Ripley New Harmony Robert Owen
Fruitlands
Bronson Alcott
The Shakers
Mother Ann Lee
Oneida
John Humphrey Noyes
“Complex marriages”
Eugenics

25. Utopian Communities

26. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA
George Ripley ( )
Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

27. “Village of Cooperation”
Robert Owen ( )
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”

28. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

29. New Harmony, IN

30. Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers

31. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

32. Shaker Meeting

33. Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

34. The Oneida’s

35. John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)
The Oneida Community New York, 1848
Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred.
Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.
all residents married to each other.
carefully regulated “free love.”
John Humphrey Noyes ( )

36. Reform & The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

37. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
R3-6

38. Evangelical Reformers—using religion to reform society
Educational reform
Progressive states lead the way
Massachusetts
Horace Mann
Massachusetts Board of Ed.
Other states to follow: RI, CT, PA & NY
Educational statistics
Northern states more advanced than south
Literacy rates

39. Evangelical Reformers
Indian reservation reform
Missionaries
“civilizing the natives”
The reservation system as a protective entity
Assimilation
Worcestor v Georgia

40. Evangelical Reformers
Gallaudet, Howe & Bridgman
Dorothea Dix
Prison reform
Cesare Beccaria
Pennsylvania System
Auburn System
Juvenile crime

41. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix
( )
1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY
R1-5/7

42. Dorothea Dix Asylum

43. Moral and social reform
Early temperance movement
Dr. Benjamin Rush
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
Washington Temperance Society
Sons of Temperance
John B. Gough
Prohibition
Massachusetts
Fifteen Gallon Law
New York
Maine
Protestants vs. Catholics

44. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

45. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
R1-6

46. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

47. APUSH “Take Five” “Come Home Father” (1864)
Tis The Song of little Mary
Standing at the bar-room door
While the shameful midnight revet
Rages wildly as before.
Father, dear father, come home with me now!
The clock in the steeple strikes one;
You said you were coming right home from the shop,
As soon as your day’s work was done.
Our fire has gone out our house is all dark
With poor brother Benny so sick in her arms,
And no one to help her but me—
Come home! Come Home! Come home!
Please father, dear father, come home.
By Henry Clay Work

48. “Scary” Carrie
“a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn't like"
Carrie Nation

49. Social Reform  Prostitution The “Fallen Woman”
Sarah Ingraham
( )
1835  Advocate of Moral Reform
Female Moral Reform Society focused on the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.
R2-1

50. The Women’s Movement Seneca Falls convention
“Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions”
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Abolitionists

51. Seneca Falls Declaration

52. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8

53. Lucretia Mott

54. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

55. Amelia Bloomer

56. Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary
curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.
train female teachers
Emma Willard ( )
1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
Mary Lyons ( )

57. “Separate Spheres” Concept
“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

58. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

59. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

60. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
American Women’s Suffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
Southern Abolitionists
R2-9

61. Abolitionist Movement
1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol

62. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

63. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
R2-5

64. Abolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists
Immediatists

65. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery undermined republican values.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
R2-4

66. Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party.
Ran for President in & 1844.
Arthur Tappan

67. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

68. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
R2-12

69. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10

70. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”

71. Medical Reformers Medical science Edward Jenner= smallpox
William Morton=anesthetics
Ignaz Semmelweis=hand washing & disinfecting instruments

72. Medical Reformers Medical science behind Ex: cholera
Heath fads instead:
Spas, warm springs
Cure alls
Phrenology