2. Industrialization Effects:
Industrialization is the development of an economy in which machines produce many of the products people use.
Effects:
a. Increases pollution of the air and water
b. Increases the demand for water and other resources
c. Increases the demand of fossil and nuclear fuel.
d. Increases the disposal of wastes
Pollutant: substances that makes environment dirty and unfit for living things.

3. Water Pollution Causes: Effects:
Disposal of pesticides, fertilizer, sewage, heavy metals, chemicals, PCB.
Effects:
It leads to the extinction or endangered of a species
Loss of biodiversity
Disruption of food chains
PCB:Polychlorinated biphenyl, a synthetic, organic chemical once widely used in electrical equipment, specialized hydraulic systems, heat transfer ...

4. Sewage and animal wastes act a fertilizer
Sewage and animal wastes act a fertilizer increase the growth of plants, algae, bacteria in aquatic system oxygen levels drop many organisms suffocate Decomposer activity decreases the oxygen supply all organisms may be lost.

6. Harbor Seal
Whale
Pacific Herring
River Otter
Common Loon
Bold Eagle

7. 1) Identify two species that appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.
Both the river otter and the bald eagle appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.
2) The oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez tanker is an example of a
A) renewable resource and is a fossil fuel
B) nonrenewable resource and synthesizes ATP
C) renewable resource and is a source of ATP
D) nonrenewable resource and is a source of energy
3) The impact that the oil spill made on the environment is still being experienced.
State information from the reading passage that supports this statement.
A decade after the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled millions of gallons of crude oil off Prince William Sound in Alaska, most of the fish and wildlife species that were injured have not fully recovered. OR
Eight species are considered to have made little or no progress toward recovery since the spill, including killer whales, harbor seals, and common loons.
Several other species, including sea otters and Pacific herring, have made significant progress toward recovery but are still not at levels seen before the accident.
4) Which autotrophic organisms were negatively affected by the oil spill?
Tidal plants (or other plants) were the autotrophic organisms negatively affected by the oil spill.

8. Soil Pollution & Toxic Wastes
Causes:
Many wastes - Organic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, solid wastes- dumped into waterways from cities
Effects:
Can be toxic to the organisms that use or live in the water.
Disruption of food chains
Loss of biodiversity (species become endangered or extinct)
Biological magnification .
Biological Magnification:
Toxic materials move through the food chain and damage or kill many kinds of organisms.
The concentration of a toxin increases as it moves through the food chain
Ex. DDT, pesticide sprays on crops kill soil decomposer that recycling materials

9. Biological Magnification
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
Fish-Eating Birds
10,000,000
Large
Fish
1,000,000
100,000
Small Fish
10,000
Zooplankton
1000
Producers
Water 1
What kind of ecological pyramid does the drawing represent?
What do the orange dots represent?
What does a pyramid of numbers demonstrate about organisms in an ecosystem?
How is this illustration of DDT concentration opposite the pyramid of numbers?

10. Biological Magnification
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
Fish-Eating Birds
The concentration of a pollutant such
as DDT is multiplied as it passes up
the food chain from producers to consumers.
By the time it reaches the top-level consumers, shown here as fish-eating birds, the amount of DDT in biological tissues can be magnified
nearly 10 millions.
By what number is the concentration of DDT multiplied at each successive trophic level?
10,000,000
Large
Fish
1,000,000
100,000
Small Fish
10,000
Zooplankton
1000
Producers
Water 1

11. Anopheles Insecticide

12. 2) State one valid conclusion that can be drawn from these data.
Malathion insecticide is more effective against A. strephensi
Dieldrin insecticide is more effective against A. culifacies
3) State one negative impact that the use of these two insecticides might have on the environment.
Malathion and dieldrin may kill beneficial insects.
The malathion and dieldrin may pollute water supplies.
Loss of biodiversity
Disruption of food chains

13. The spray could kill beneficial insects.
In a rural area, there is a swamp with a large population of mosquitoes. Nearby residents are concerned because the mosquitoes are always annoying and occasionally carry diseases. The community decides to have an insecticide sprayed from an airplane on the area during the prime mosquito season. Whenever they stop spraying, the mosquito population quickly rebounds to a higher level than existed before the spraying program began. After 10 years, the spraying became much less effective at reducing the mosquito population. Higher doses of insecticide were required to accomplish the same population decreases.
4) State one possible disadvantage of spraying the insecticide from an airplane.
The spray may reach other areas (not targeted) and harm people, pets, or other animals in that area.
The spray could kill beneficial insects.
5) (a) State one alternative method of mosquito control that may have a more lasting impact on the mosquito population.
Predators (or parasites) of mosquitoes could be released into the area to control them.
Swamp areas could be drained to reduce breeding areas.
Sterilized male mosquitoes could be released to mate with females to reduce the rate of production.
b) Give one positive effect or one negative effect for the alternative method.
Positive: No pesticide to harm other species.
Negative: Habitat modifications could be detrimental to other species.
Predators or parasites released could harm other species or spread disease.

14. Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs belong to a broad family of man-made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons.
PCBs were domestically manufactured from 1929 until their manufacture was banned in 1979.
They have a range of toxicity and vary in consistency from thin, light-colored liquids to yellow or black waxy solids.
Due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point, and electrical insulating properties, PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including
electrical, heat transfer,
hydraulic equipment;
plasticizers in paints,
plastics,
rubber products;
pigments,
dyes,
and carbonless copy paper;
and many other industrial applications

15. Commercial Use of PCBs
Although no longer commercially produced in the United States, PCBs may be present in products and materials produced before the 1979 PCB ban. Products that may contain PCBs include:
Transformers and capacitors
Other electrical equipment including voltage regulators, switches, reclosers, bushings, and electromagnets
Oil used in motors and hydraulic systems
Old electrical devices or appliances containing PCB capacitors
Fluorescent light ballasts
Cable insulation
Thermal insulation material including fiberglass, felt, foam, and cork
Adhesives and tapes
Oil-based paint
Caulking
Plastics
Carbonless copy
Health Effects
PCBs have been demonstrated to cause cancer, as well as a variety of other adverse health effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, and endocrine system

16. What are PCB´s?
How did PCB´s get into the Hudson?
How did the eagle get PCB´s?
Make a food web with the underlined organisms.
Is there a danger for humans? Explain
Use your knowledge of food pyramids to explain how an eagle could have more PCB´s than the fish it eats.
PCB’s (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) are toxic industrial chemicals or oily compounds used to insulate electrical equipment
General Electric factories were the source of most of the PCB’s in the river
Bold eagle got PCB’s through biomagnification. PCB’s were taken by aquatic insects and fish, and passed up to bold eagle
Aquatic insects - fish - bold eagle
It is reported PCB’s may cause cancer in humans and reproductive problems in wildlife
The concentration of a pollutant such as PCB’s is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from insects to fish to bold eagle

17. Thermal Pollution Causes:
Warm water from power plants and industries are released into a river or lake.
Warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water.
Effect:
Some species may suffocate as a result of thermal pollution.
Loss of biodiversity
Endanger and extinction of species

18. Thermal Pollution
Trout
Black bass

19. As the temperature increases, the oxygen content decreases.
State one effect of temperature change on the oxygen content of fresh water. [Support your answer using specific information from the data table.]
As the temperature increases, the oxygen content decreases.
As the temperature decreases, the oxygen content increases.
As the temperature increases from 15 C to 20 C the oxygen decreases by 0.99 ppm.
2) Explain how a new power plant built on the banks of the Rocky River could have an environmental impact on the Rocky River ecosystem downstream from the plant. Your explanation must include the effects of the power plant on: (1) water temperature (2) dissolved oxygen (3) fish species
The power plant will increase the temperature of the river water
(2) The dissolved oxygen content of the river will decrease.;
(3) The population of trout (and/or bass) may decrease.
The carp population may increase.
If the oxygen level decreases below 2 ppm, no fish survive.
Some species may increase in number while others may decrease.

20. OBSERVATION Data table
Temperatura
(ºC)
Breathing rate per minute 15 25 20 35
Control (23) 40 45 30 55

21. OBSERVATION Line graph

22. Acid Precipitation
Fossil fuels burn, produce nitrogen an sulfur, they combine with moisture in the atmosphere. When rain falls to the Earth has a low pH level -more much acidic.

23. Causes: Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc)
Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.

24. Effects: Actions 1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments
2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish.
Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.
3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification
4. Damage forests and other plants
Actions
Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory

26. Smog
Smog is a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere
Causes:
Air pollutants produced by automobiles, central heating, air conditioner, industrial emissions,… released to atmosphere.
Effects:
It threatens the health of people with asthma and other respiratory conditions

28. a) state how humans have caused acid rain
Describe the problem of acid rain and state one way to reduce it.
In your answer be sure to:
a) state how humans have caused acid rain
Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc) Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.
b) describe one specific effect that acid rain will have on the ecosystem
1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments
2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish.
Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.
3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification
4. Damage forests and other plants
c) state one specific action humans could take to reduce acid rain
Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory