1.
1607
The first permanent English settlement in the New World at Jamestown, Virginia
1754
The beginning of the French and Indian War (aka The Seven Years War) between England and France
We have just engaged in what historical thinking skill?
Periodization

2. Patterns of Settlement in the New World
Spanish
French and Dutch
British
Florida, Texas to California and most everything to the south;
Caribbean Islands
French – St. Lawrence and Mississippi River Valleys
Dutch – Hudson River; Valley in present day NY
East Coast of North America from Maine to Georgia;
Desire to subjugate and Christianize the natives
Developed trade alliances and often intermarried with the natives
Mostly hostile relationship with the natives; sought to remove them from the land
Encomienda system; Sugar plantations, African Slavery
Relatively few colonists; French fur trappers; Dutch trade (New Amsterdam/New York
Large numbers of colonists, Mostly agricultural (wheat, tobacco, rice, indigo); Indentured servants then African slaves

4. JAMESTOWN, 1607 First permanent English settlement
The Virginia Company
November 1606 with 3 ships and 104 settlers
The passengers were employees of the Virginia Company

5. Jamestown Their Goals Find material wealth – Gold
Find a passage through the continent to Asia
Establish a military presence to counter the Spanish

6. Jamestown 57 miles inland up the “James” River
Only 38 of the original 104 survived the first year
The James River was “very salty” and “full of slime and filth”

7. Jamestown – The Early Years
Natives provided food for settlers at first
Despite fertile ground, the search for treasure took precedence over agriculture
Settlers were skilled in extracting and shaping gold, not in surviving in a wilderness
Go to Website Page 2 – The Starving Time

8. Virginia 1619
Established the House of Burgesses (1st representative assembly in U.S. history)
Increase the female population
The Headright System – offer land to attract settlers
Arrival of the first African slaves (not the beginning of widespread slavery)

9. THAT EVIL WEED! Virginia was built on SMOKE!
Tobacco became the cash crop (staple) of both Virginia and, later, Maryland

10. Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake
Both established early in the 17th century
Both depended upon tobacco as a cash crop
Both had relative religious freedom (Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649)

11. Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake
Both depended upon large numbers of INDENTURED SERVANTS for their early source of labor
Indentured Servants
From the poor in England; young men and women
Many came to work tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake
Passage to America was paid for by a Chesapeake man of wealth (or the ship’s captain)

12. Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake
Indentured Servants
In exchange for passage, they agreed to a labor contract for usually 4-7 years
Worked very hard with no pay. Social life was restricted (marriage often prohibited). Many died before the end of the contract
When/if contract completed, given some clothes, maybe a gun, maybe a few dollars, and sent on their way

13. Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake
Both Virginia and Maryland had unrest caused by large numbers of ex-indentured servants with not much of anything and forced to move to the west to the dangerous frontier
Richard Frethorne Primary Source – Website Page 2

14. Primary Source – Ship’s List
Early Virginia 1635
Merchant’s Hope
What does this source tell us about early Virginia?

15. Colonial Regions New England The Middle Colonies The Chesapeake
Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island (Connecticut and New Hampshire) (Early 17th)
The Middle Colonies
New York (New Jersey), Pennsylvania (Delaware) (Late 17th)
The Chesapeake
Maryland and Virginia (Early 17th)
The Deep South
The Carolinas, Georgia (Late 17th, Early 18th)

16. The 13 Colonies

17. Contrasting the Colonial Regions
New England
Middle
The Chesapeake
The Deep South
Close knit, homogenous population; Puritans dominate into the 18th century; Mixed economy based on trade and subsistence agriculture
Most diverse population (ethnic and religious); Export economy of cereal crops such as wheat
Tobacco Plantations as well as small scale tobacco farms; Labor intensive economy (indentured servants at first, then African slave labor)
Rice and Sugar Plantations; Economic ties to the Caribbean (West Indies); Heavily dependent upon African slave labor (“More like a negro country”)

18. Similarities Between the 13 Colonies up to the French and Indian War
Anglicanization (influenced by the Church of England and English Protestantism)
Influenced by the English political and legal system
Relative religious tolerance (Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania)
Enlightenment ideas will spread in the 18th century

19. Similarities Between the 13 Colonies up to the French and Indian War
Class structure existed as did class tensions
History of self government; History of relative freedom from English control
Most colonists are engaged in subsistence agriculture

20. The New England Colonies
Primarily influenced by English Puritans
WHO WERE THEY?
English Protestants that established the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies

21. THE SEPARATIST PILGRIMS
Who were The Pilgrims?
A minority group among Puritans
Aka Separatist Puritans
– Desired a separation from the COE – refused allegiance to the COE

22. THE SEPARATIST PILGRIMS
Established the Plymouth Colony in 1620 (eventually becomes part of the Mass. Bay colony)
Led by William Bradford
The Mayflower Compact – early example of self-government

23. The Mayflower Compact (1620)
“We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James…Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia,

24. The Mayflower Compact (1620)
do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid;

25. The Mayflower Compact (1620)
and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

26. The Mayflower Compact (1620)
In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James... Anno Domini 1620.”

27. THE NON-SEPARATIST PURITANS
What about the Puritans led by John Winthrop?
Boston 1630; begins the Great Puritan Migration ( )
Had the greatest influence on Massachusetts (established the Mass. Bay Colony)
Non-Separatist Puritans (majority)
Wanted to reform the COE by setting a shining example (“for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill…)

28. Winthrop’s Model of Christian Charity (1630)
“for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world,

29. Comparison
Compare the Ships log from a New England ship to the Virginia ship’s log we examined earlier

30. The Puritan Experiment
A Christian Utopia
Sought to create a “pure” church of Visible Saints (those chosen by God)
Suspicion of those “contrary minded”
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Quakers
“Strangers”

31. 21,000 English Puritans to Massachusetts during the Great Migration
Today, over 16 million Americans trace their family roots to this Puritan migration

32. The Chesapeake vs. New England
What do we find when we compare the establishment and development of the Chesapeake to the establishment and development of New England?

33. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENGLAND
Geography of New England
Rocky soil
Short growing season
Natural harbors (Merchant class emerges)
Few inland navigable rivers

34. Subsistence farming was the main way of life for most New Englanders (
Subsistence farming was the main way of life for most New Englanders (**and most colonists)
Coastal towns in New England established trade with Europe and the Caribbean
Leading exports were fish and timber
Shipbuilding became an important industry

35. New England Population Growth
1640 – 14,000
1670 – 33,000
1700 – 93,000
*** 7X as many went to the Chesapeake yet the population there (88,000) was less than New England’s in 1700

36. New England Population Growth
High rate of natural increase
Safe and plentiful drinking water
Cold climate destroyed some deadly organisms

37. New England Population Growth
Other contributing factors
Most came in family groups
Balanced sex ratio
Marriage almost universal
Avg. female lived long enough to give birth to eight or nine children

38. Conclusion
Colonial New England was a relatively stable society in the 17th century with order existing among towns and families.

39. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONIAL CHESAPEAKE
Short life expectancy
Climate was a breeding ground for malarial mosquitoes
Large indentured servant class
Literally worked to death at times
Marriages took place after freedom therefore later in life

40. Family Life in the Colonial Chesapeake
Unbalanced sex ratio
1630’s – 6-1 men to women
1704 – 3-2
One half of marriages broke up w/in 7 years
One third of children orphaned by age 18
Numerous step parents, step siblings, etc…

41. Family Life in the Colonial Chesapeake
Families were small
Typical Chesapeake woman had 2-3 children live beyond infancy (7 or 8 in New England)
In most years deaths outnumbered births

42. Economics
Most people were subsistence farmers (may grow tobacco as well)
People of wealth invested in land, indentured servants, slaves, and tobacco
Numerous inland navigable rivers so ocean going vessels sailed inland and traded directly with tobacco planters
Tobacco exhausts the nutrients in the soil

43. CONCLUSION
The Colonial Chesapeake was a very unstable society in the 17th century
Class tensions between
Tobacco planters (of the east) and farmers (ex-indentured servants) on the frontier (Bacon’s Rebellion)
A growing African slave population

44. The Origins of Slavery Read summary of Edmund Morgan’s analysis
The Central Paradox of American History
Why did Virginia planters come to rely on African slave labor instead of indentured servitude?
Follow that with excerpts from Africans in America

45. The Write Stuff!!
Historian Edmund Morgan argues that the origins of African slavery in America can be attributed to ….

46. Africans in America Video
Defining Slavery (Chapter of video)
2 problems faced in Virginia after the first 50 years
How did the 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion impact slavery in Colonial Virginia?
Why did Virginia planters come to rely on African slave labor instead of indentured servitude?
Examine slave laws from Website Page 2

47. Unrest during the Colonial Era
Identify these events and put them in chronological order
The Salem Witch scare
King Philip’s War
The Pequot War
Bacon’s Rebellion
The Stono Rebellion
The Pueblo Revolt

48. Wrap it all together day
Video clip from Africans in America – The Stono Rebellion
Discuss the influence of The Great Awakening and The Enlightenment in the 18th century
Discuss Monday’s Quiz
Talk about Essay Writing