1. Computer Architecture Examples and Hierarchy By Cheuk Wong

2. Hierarchy Layers of components made out of smaller parts A higher layer will abstract the immediate lower layer We can design complex systems using higher abstraction layer without worrying about the individual components of the lower layers Can be used in both hardware as well as software

3. Example of Software hierarchy From Highest to Lowest  Applications: MS Powerpoints, Firefox, etc  High level program languages: Java, C/C++, etc  Interpreted Languages: LISP, ProLog  Assembly Languages: x86  Machine Code: Binaries  Flip-flips and Logic Gates  Transistors We can work with any of the layers without knowing how the lower layers work.

4. Hardware Hierarchy From Highest to Lower  Computer System: Monitor, keyboard, “black box”  Integrated Circuit: CPU, Memory system  Chip Level: ALU, Registers, Cache, RAM  Flip-flops, Multiplexers, Decoders, Adders  NOT-gate, AND-gate, NAND-gates, OR-gates, NOR-gate  MOSFET Transistors, NPN-Transistors, PNP- Transistors Again, we can work with any layers without worrying about the lower layers.

5. Some more Hierarchy Again, from highest to lower  Internet  LAN, PAN  Computer Systems Moving on to Computer Architectures...

6. Computer Architectures Computer Architectures is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system -Wikipedia Deals with the Integrated Circuit and Chip Level layers of the Hardware Hierarchy Mainly focuses on how the CPU interact with other parts of the computer, such as accessing main memory or interfacing with peripheral hardwares Ultimate goal is to increase performance

7. Subcategories of Comp. Arch. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Provide a set of language structure and data type  Ex. x86  Will not be discussed since this is cover in CS47 Micro-architecture: Describes how multiplexers, decoders, adders, transistors, etc interact with each others. The ISA will be depended on Micro- arch is designed. System Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each other (e.g. buses, memory controller, etc)

8. Micro-architecture Describes how multiplexers, decoders, etc are connected to each other.

9. 2-Bit ALU

10. A Simple Logic Board

11. System Design System Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each other Components: Functional Units and Interconnections Functional Units: CPU, I/O devices Interconnections: Buses, Motherboard, Bridges

12. Terms Motherboard: The main circuit board that contains the CPU and the buses Bus: A common pathway that connects a number of devices Bridge: A pathway that connects the buses Northbridge: AKA Memory control hub, connects the CPU to main memory and GPU(Video cards). This is on the motherboard. Southbridge: AKA I/O Control hub, connects the Northbridge to Power management, PCI bus I/O devices such as USB, and other devices

13. Simple System Design

14. Non-Bridged System Design

15. A Graphic-Centric Design

16. 17-inch MacBook Pro

17. Source http://developer.apple.com/documentation/H ardwareDrivers/Conceptual/17inMacBookPr o_0706/Articles/17inMacBookProArch.html http://developer.apple.com/documentation/H ardwareDrivers/Conceptual/17inMacBookPr o_0706/Articles/17inMacBookProArch.html http://www.ixbt.com/mainboard/images/nfor ce700i/750i-sli-block.png http://www.ixbt.com/mainboard/images/nfor ce700i/750i-sli-block.png http://research.microsoft.com/~rcutler/pub/F RAME/Developing_Real- Time_Apps_files/image003.jpg http://research.microsoft.com/~rcutler/pub/F RAME/Developing_Real- Time_Apps_files/image003.jpg http://www.xbitlabs.com/images/cpu/pentiu m4-1400/chipset-scheme.jpg http://www.xbitlabs.com/images/cpu/pentiu m4-1400/chipset-scheme.jpg http://www.wikipedia.com