1. 1 CS/COE0447 Computer Organization & Assembly Language Course Intro and CH 1.1-1.3

2. 2 Course Information Welcome to CS/COE0447! Professor –Dr. Jan Wiebe Teaching Assistant –Jose Baiocchi Course web page, including syllabus, lectures notes, assignments, labs, schedule, … –http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~wiebe/courses/CS447/Sp10http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~wiebe/courses/CS447/Sp10

3. 3 Computer Systems “Desktop computers” –E.g. PCs, MACs, … –Includes Notebooks “Servers” –Web servers –File and compute servers –Supercomputers “Embedded computers” –Usually NOT directly observable –Very wide range of applications

4. 4 Desktop Computers

5. 5 Servers

6. 6 Embedded Computers

7. 7 Computer Organization We study this part in this course! Study this part in CS1541!

8. 8 In CS/COE 447 We will study –Computer architecture MIPS architecture –Concepts of assembler, linker, compiler –Computer arithmetic Signed and unsigned binary numbers Floating point format Operations (add/div/…) –Logic design –Basic processor performance analysis –Processor organization Datapath Control We will do –Assembly language programming (in MIPS)

9. 9 Computer Architecture? Computer systems –Underlying hardware –Software running on it Computer architecture –The hardware/software interface seen by the user –Instruction set architecture (ISA) Processor microarchitecture –Implementation of a given architecture –May or may not be visible to the user

10. 10 Transistors Layered Approach in Computer Design Computer Architecture or Instruction Set Architecture Logic gates Microarchitecture Architecture

11. 11 Machine Code Example swap: muli$t0, $a0, 4 add$t0, $a1, $t0 lw$t1, 0($t0) lw$t2, 4($t0) sw$t2, 0($t0) sw$t1, 4($t0) jr$ra void swap(int v[], int k) { int temp; temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; } 00000000101000010… 00000000000110000… 10001100011000100… 10001100111100100… 10101100111100100… 10101100011000100… 00000011111000000… compiler assembler

12. Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Techn ology — 12 Levels of Program Code High-level language –Level of abstraction closer to problem domain –Provides for productivity and portability Assembly language –Textual representation of instructions Hardware representation –Binary digits (bits) –Encoded instructions and data

13. 13 Components of ISA In most cases, a “programmer’s reference manual” (PRM) will disclose the ISA of a processor To understand an ISA, find in PRM –Data types the processor supports –Supported instructions and their definitions –Registers (general-purpose & special purpose) –Processor modes –Exception mechanism

14. 14 Inside a PC Integrated Circuits (ICs) –CPU (Central Processing Unit), companion chipset, memory, peripheral I/O chip (e.g., USB, IDE, IEEE1394, …) Printed Circuit (PC) boards (next slide) –Substrate for ICs and interconnection –Distribution of clock, power supply –Heat dissipation Hard disk, CD-RW DVD-RW, (floppy disk) Power supply Chassis –Holds boards, power supply, and provides physical interface for user and other systems Connectors and cables

15. 15 Closeup photo of one side of a motherboard PCB, showing conductive traces and solder points for through-hole components on the opposite side.

16. 16 Technology Trend (Processor Complexity) 2x transistors/chip every 1.5 years!

17. 17 Moore’s Law The term Moore's Law has been coined by Carver Mead around 1970.[4] Moore's original statement can be found in his publication "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits", Electronics Magazine 19 April 1965:Carver Mead[4]integrated circuitsElectronics Magazine19 April1965 “The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year... Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a single wafer.[1]1975[1] Astounding that it has held for so long!!!

18. 18 Memory Capacity Trend (DRAM) 1.4x/year or 2x every 2 years 8000x since 1980!

19. 19 Main memory PC/servers use “DRAM” (Dynamic RAM) –SDRAM –DDR SDRAM –RDRAM (RAMBUS DRAM) A typical SDRAM “module”

20. 20 Storage Secondary storage Non-volatile Stores programs, user-saved data, etc. In PC/server domain, magnetic disk (hard- disk) is usually used In embedded computers, “flash” memory or “ROM” is usually employed

21. 21 Storage, cont’d 5.25-inch floppy disk 1.2MB 3.5-inch floppy disk 1.44MB USB Flash card 256MB

22. 22 Storage, cont’d

23. 23 Computer Networks Local Area Network (LAN) –Within limited distance (e.g., in a building) –Mostly based on Ethernet –10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps, … Wide Area Network –Connecting networks far apart Proliferation of wireless LAN (IEEE802.11) –1 ~ 100Mbps