1. PERIOD 7: 1890–1945 An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role. 4/1/2015

2. Period 7 1890 – 1945, comprises 17% of the AP exam

3. Key Concept 7.1: 4 Governmental, political, and social organizations struggled to address the effects of large-scale industrialization, economic uncertainty, and related social changes such as urbanization and mass migration.

4. The Progressive Reform Era Chapter Ch. 21 The Origins of Progressivism

5. Goals of Progressives Improve working conditions –Wages –Hours –Safety Improve sanitation End corruption of government “use the government as an agent for human welfare “

6. Example: “The sudden rise of cities in the United States left little time for rational urban planning, development of building codes, creation of police or fire departments, resolution of waste disposal challenges, and many other attendant issues. By 1900, New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia had populations in excess of one million, yet the infrastructures of these cities were ill-equipped to support this growth. For instance, by 1890 horses in New York City deposited daily 500,000 pounds of manure and 45,000 gallons of urine on congested streets with no sanctioned method of disposing of the dung.”

7. Why did we need to be reformed? In other words, what was wrong with turn-of-the-century America?

8. The Progressive Era (1890 - 1920) 4 Industrial revolution led to new industries and products - everything from automobiles to skyscrapers 1909 Ford Model T

9. Flat Iron Building 4 Located at Broadway, 23rd, and 5th Avenues 4 Built in 1902 4 Designed by Daniel Burnham 4 It is the oldest surviving skyscraper in NYC

10. Key Concept 7.1 (1890 – 1945) I. The continued growth and consolidation of large corporations transformed American society and the nation’s economy, promoting urbanization and economic growth, even as business cycle fluctuations became increasingly severe.

11. Industrial Revolution led to: 4 Great social changes –Immigration –Urbanization –Government less responsive to ordinary people 4 Foreign policy –Arrogance –Jingoism

12. 4 A. Large corporations came to dominate the U.S. economy as it increasingly focused on the production of consumer goods, driven by new technologies and manufacturing techniques. 4 B. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one, offering new economic opportunities for women, internal migrants, and international migrants who continued to flock to the United States. 4 C. Even as economic growth continued, episodes of credit and market instability, most critically the Great Depression, led to calls for the creation of a stronger financial regulatory system. Key concept 7.1, I.

13. The Progressive Era 4 Laissez-faire economics – Little or no government interference in business –Few building codes –Few labor laws for safety, child labor, minimum wage 4 The gap between the rich and the poor widened 4 The top 1% of the population controlled 50% of the nation’s wealth

14. One of several Vanderbilt mansions

15. Pictured is one of many parties in this 70 room mansion. The central hall, pictured below, is a 50’ cube, with marble imported from Italy and the finest craftsmanship available

16. Completed in 1902, at a reported cost of $2.5 million (61 million today)

17. The Great Gatsby was filmed in the back of Rosecliff; True Lies was filmed in its ballroom.

18. Vanderbilt mansion located on the Hudson River.

19. Vanderbilt mansion located in North Carolina.

20. Vanderbilt townhouse on 5 th avenue in Manhattan.

21. Progressive Movement 4 While the railroad and mining tycoons lived in luxury…..

22. How The Other Half Lived Mining town in Pennsylvania, turn of the century This hydrant was the only water source for 25 families.

23. II. Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for  government intervention in the economy  expanded democracy  greater social justice  conservation of natural resources.

24. Scene of a Cave-in, January, 1902. (Four houses, a barber-shop and a hotel were swallowed up within an hour of the first warning.) on Lackawanna Street, Olyphant

25. Labor 4 Coal miners, textile, steel and railroad workers were underpaid for dangerous, difficult work 4 Unions met with resistance from state and local governments, as well as owners 4 Wages were below the poverty line

26. Children as young as 9 worked in the coal mines and textile mills. Breaker boys in Pa mine Textile Worker – Approx. Age 12

27. Immigrants were particularly vulnerable

28. Progressive Reform Organizations 4 The Labor Movement –collective bargaining was goal –organized and used strikes –owners often able to get injunctions to stop strikes

29. Anthracite Coal Miner Strike May 12 – October 23, 1902 Families were evicted from their company- owned housing.

30. Coal miners and their families attempted to survive on dandelion soup and by picking waste coal for heat. Many did not survive.

32.  Arbitration – a 3 rd party listens to both sides and makes a decision on a settlement  Owners refused to go to arbitration until President Roosevelt threatened to nationalize the coal mines if they refused.  The coal miners won improved wages and hours but the owners refused to recognize their union.

34. Coal Miners Salary 1902 4 According to the Citizen’s Voice (Wilkes- Barre) Coal miners earned $500 a year 4 Expenses for housing and first aid were deducted 4 Varied by location of mine, method of payment, and company expenses 4 Result of strike was10% raise 4 Reduced hours to 9 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52 weeks a year (2011 ) Approximately $12,900 a year when adjusted for inflation (2011 ) Poverty level for family of 4– $22, 350

35. Social Darwinism 4 Popular belief that by helping the disadvantaged, you hurt society as a whole.

36. Social Gospel 4 True Christianity requires a commitment to social justice and responsibility for your fellow man.

37. A. In the late 1890s and the early years of the 20th century, journalists and Progressive reformers — largely urban and middle class, and often female — worked to reform existing social and political institutions at the local, state, and federal levels by creating new organizations aimed at addressing social problems associated with an industrial society. Key concept 7.1, II.

38. What types of people were “Progressive”? 4 Belonged to all political parties, including Republican, Democrat, and Socialist 4 Tended to be: »Middle class**** »Well-educated »Professionals »Native born »Women

39. What types of people were “Progressive”? 4 Middle class “squeeze” –Upper class unchecked political power –Working class unstable due to lack of sanitation & safety 4 Reforms aimed at –Ending corruption of gov’t by big business –Keep working class safe, healthy, productive, and content

40. Muckrakers 4 Person that ‘mucks’ stalls 4 Journalists, authors, and photographers that exposed the corruption in society 4 Worried about being sued, Muckraking Magazines like McClure’s spent up to $3,000 verifying its stories

41. Muckrakers 4 Examples: –Upton Sinclair – The Jungle –Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Company –Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of Cities “….the form of our government from one that is representative of the people to an oligarchy, representative of special interests.”

42. A New York Tenement Building Dirt and desolation reign in the wide hall- way, and danger lurks on the stairs. — Jacob Riis

43. 4 Jacob Riis - photographed NYC tenements & mistreatment of immigrants in sweatshops Muckrakers

44. Review of economic systems: 4 Capitalism – Private ownership of the means of production –Motivation is profit –Requires entrepreneurs 4 Socialism – Government ownership of the means of production –Motivation “To each what he needs” –Voluntary, usually through elections 4 Communism – Socialism by force if necessary

45. Progressive Reform Organizations 4 Socialist Party –formed in 1910 –many people thought only through government owned industry would workers ever get better conditions –Eugene Debs most famous member –not a popular movement then or now –many of Debs’ positions were adopted by other parties, such as the minimum wage –IWW – Labor union of Socialists

46. Progressive Reform Organizations 4 Women’s Movement –worked for: better working conditions for women and children right to vote Prohibition –Jane Addams – founder of Hull House in Chicago –Florence Kelley – state of IL 1 st chief factory inspector (former resident of Hull House) – Mother Jones – led coal miners on strike in PA

47. Mother Jones Children in Hull House

48. Progressive Legislation Reforms are often a result of tragedy

49. Galveston Hurricane - 1900 Unnamed hurricane hit Galveston Island Sept. 8, 1900 Category 4 winds and a 15 foot storm surge 6000 - 12000 people died Wind speeds were estimated at between 131 and 155 mph.

51. The nuns attempted to save the children by tying them together with clothesline. Each nun had 6-7 smaller children attached to them when the orphanage was lifted off of its foundation and the roof collapsed. Many were later found, still tied together. Of the 93 orphans and 10 nuns, only 3 boys survived. St. Mary’s Orphanage

52. Galveston Hurricane - 1900 4 Local government unprepared –No shelters –No evacuation plans –No warning system –No plan for cleanup in the aftermath 4 Started a new municipal government with a city council and business manager 4 Model was later picked up throughout the country

53. Government Reform 4 State reform: initiatives, recalls, and referendums 4 Several states passed laws setting minimum wages, child labor restrictions, and fair business practices 4 Most of them were found unconstitutional

54. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

55. 4 Saturday afternoon - 500 workers in the 10 story building. 4 Fire began on the 9th floor - quickly erupted into an inferno

56. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 4 Service elevator became an inferno 4 Crowded a fire escape, which tore away from the side of the building and collapsed. 4 Went to the roof and found they were trapped –A few women were rescued with ladders from a nearby building

57. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 4 Many of the stairways and exits were blocked or locked. 4 The NYFD did not have the equipment to rescue the women 4 In desperation, many jumped to their deaths

59. 9 th Floor

60. Examining the bodies Aftermath of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

61. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 146 people, mostly young immigrant women, died that day. Many were too badly burned to be identified

62. 4 This tragedy helped to gain support for the Ladies Garment Workers unions 4 Demands were made for political reform and safer working conditions Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

64. Justice? Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted Blanck and Harris, the factory owners, of any wrong doing. The task of the jurors had been to determine whether the owners knew that the doors were locked at the time of the fire.

65. Justice? Instead of enacting building regulations, many cities responded by passing legislation restricting work for women in the garment industry

66. B. Progressives promoted federal legislation to regulate abuses of the economy and the environment, and many sought to expand democracy. Required terms: Clayton Antitrust Act Florence Kelley Federal Reserve Bank Key concept 7.1, II.

67. Theodore Roosevelt 4 Gave a ‘square deal’ to miners in 1902 4 Became his campaign slogan in 1904 4 3 “C’s” – Consumers, Corporations, Conservation 4 Accomplishments: –Trust buster Believed trusts made production more efficient and were here to stay Broke up illegal trusts that used collusion to gain market shares

68. Theodore Roosevelt –Railroad regulations Elkins Act 1903 & Hepburn Act of 1906 Ended rebates and set min. & max. rates –1906 Pure Food & Drug Act Inspections of meat Prevention of mislabeled pharmaceuticals –Department of Labor established –Added 200 million acres to our national parks ands forests

69. Muller v. Oregon - 1908 4 Upheld Oregon law limiting work hours based on the frailty of women 4 Law limiting hours previously ruled unconstitutional in Lochner V. New York, which applied to men 4 Helped women by limiting work hours to 10 per day 4 Hurt them by reinforcing the stereotype that women were inferior *Lobbied for by Florence Kelley & argued for by Louis Brandeis at the Supreme Court

70. Government Reform 4 Federal reforms: –16 th – progressive income tax % increases as income increases Other income tax forms: flat %, flat $, regressive –17 th – direct election of senators –18 th – prohibition –19 th – women’s suffrage

71. President Taft

72. Taft’s Presidency

73. Mistakes: –Did not appoint a progressive cabinet –Did not veto non-progressive legislation –Did not use the justice department to enforce environmental laws

74. Taft’s Presidency 4 Tariffs –Ran on a platform of lowering tariffs House passed some reductions Republicans added some protective increases Result – overall increase in tariffs

75. Taft’s Presidency 4 Ballinger- Pinchot Affair –Pinchot Head of US Forest Service Major Conservationist at the time –Ballinger Secretary of the Interior Allowed Businesses to acquire several million acres of land in Alaska

76. Taft’s Presidency 4 Pinchot –Protested against Ballinger to Taft 4 Taft –Fired Pinchot –Ballinger eventually resigned

77. Republican Party 4 Midterm Elections –Roosevelt Returns from safari –Begins to campaign for the Progressives »Business regulations »Welfare laws »Workplace protection »Voting reform »Income and inheritance taxes 4 Progressive Republicans elected 4 “Old Guard” less political power NEW NATIONALISM

78. The Elections of 1912 4 Taft wins the Republican nomination 4 Progressive Republicans leave, vowing to create their own party. 4 August 1912, The Progressive Party nominates Roosevelt –Nickname the Bull Moose Party

79. The Election of 1912 4 Bull Moose Party –Platform Tariff Reduction Women’s Suffrage Regulation of Business Child Labor Ban 8-hour work day Workman’s Compensation Direct Election of Senators

80. The Election of 1912 4 Taft –Followed many Progressive Reforms –Still very unpopular with Progressive Republicans 4 Wilson –Democrat –Ran on a Reform platform –Criticized both Big Business and Big Government *4 “Progressives” running against each other

81. Popular Vote: 1912 Election Taft – 3,500,000 Roosevelt – 4,100,000 Wilson – 6,200,000 Other – 1,100,000

82. The Election of 1912

83. President Wilson

84. Wilson Presidency 4Southern Democrat 4Academic, scholar 4Advocated small business and small government 4Opinionated and not given to compromise 4Appealed directly to the public when Congress failed to support his initiatives 4Won re-election in 1916 with the promise to keep Americans out of World War I.

85. Wilson Presidency 4Tariffs and Taxes –Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 Reduced Tariffs from 40% to 25% –16 th Amendment Progressive tax Income tax legislation signed in 1913 Replaced tariffs as main source of revenue for national government

86. Wilson’s Presidency 4 Federal Reserve System –Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Divided the country into 12 Districts of Banking Member banks could borrow money from the FRB to meet short term demands Chairperson “The Fed” Authorized to issue paper money and increase/decrease circulation Clearinghouse for checks

87. Federal Reserve Districts

88. Wilson Presidency –Federal Trade Commission Investigate unfair/illegal business practices Ability to order firms to cease and desist unfair business tactics

89. Wilson Presidency 4Clayton Anti-Trust Act –Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act –Outlined specific actions that were illegal –Unions were not illegal trusts –Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

90. Wilson Presidency 4Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 –Gave federal Civil Service employees worker’s compensation benefits 4 Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 –Gave farmers low-interest loans

91. Wilson’s Presidency 4 Louis D. Brandeis –Appointed to the Supreme Court Many thought Brandeis was too radical First Jewish person on Supreme Court Upheld many progressive laws –By 1917 upheld state laws limiting hours for both men and women

92. Limits of Progressivism 4 Limited to certain sectors of society –Municipal Problems Did little to aid tenant and migrant farmers and nonunion workers Many Progressives supported –Immigration limits –Literacy Tests

93. Limits to Progressivism 4 Social Justice –Separated races in federal offices –Wilson initially opposed women’s suffrage –African Americans ignored Small group of Progressives helped form the NAACP 4 End of Progressivism –WWI The preparation of war stopped much of the reform movements