1. ■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

2. Reasons for U.S. Expansion ■Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny ■Expansion by 1890s was different –New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism –Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes –New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

3. Reasons for U.S. Expansion New markets ■Why the new focus? New markets –End of the frontier led to fears about economic opportunities –American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter –Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European imperialists finished annexing

4. World Colonial Empires, 1900 U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

5. Reasons for U.S. Expansion Darwinism ■Why the new focus? Darwinism –Social Darwinism promoted white superiority –“White Man’s Burden” promoted the “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity policy ■By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

6. American Social Darwinism Superstition Oppression Ignorance Barbarism Vice Civilization Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

7. The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

8. Alaska The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

9. Seward’s Icebox Seward’s Icebox: King Andy & Seward lug in a big block of Russian ice to cool down Congress

10. Latin America The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses

11. Hawaii The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1 st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

12. Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?

13. China The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China

14. Open Door Policy Peace Treaty with China

15. Japan The U.S. as a World Power: Japan The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20 th Century Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

16. The New Navy Alfred Mahan ■In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s: –The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships –But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships –The navy improved from 12 th the world in 1889 to 3 rd in 1900 The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland) 1 st big, heavy-armor ships1 st submarines 1 st smokeless-powder artillery 1 st rapid-fire guns1 st torpedoes

17. The Spanish-American War

18. Causes of the Spanish-American War ■U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba ■The Spanish- American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution

19. Causes of the Spanish-American War ■By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines –José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 reconcentration policy –Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

21. American Involvement ■Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: –Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba –In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

24. Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

25. The Spanish-American War Teller Amendment ■In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba ■The war led to patriotic outburst: –Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South –Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

26. Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle) “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley

27. Results of Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris ■U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: –Cuba gained independence –U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam –What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

28. War in the Philippines ■Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence ■Emilio Aguinaldo ■Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla- style rebellion that lasted 3 years: –Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives –The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule

29. War in the Philippines Philippine Commission ■McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: –Built schools, roads, & bridges –Improved taxes & sanitation –Created local governments that honored Filipino culture –Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting ■Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946

30. The “American Empire” in 1900 How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time

31. Our Sphere of Influence

32. What the US has fought for

34. Conclusions Conclusions: The USA as a New World Power

35. Impact of Spanish-American War ■Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy: –The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” –Increased the power of the American president