1. Essential Question:
What were the significant causes & effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?
Warm-Up Question:
Which change during the Gilded Age was a bigger reason for the rise of American imperialism by 1900: The closing of the Western frontier OR the expansion of northern industrialism? Explain

2. Reasons for U.S. Expansion
Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny
Expansion by 1890s was different
New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism
Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes
New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

3. Reasons for U.S. Expansion
Why the new focus? New markets
The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic opportunities
American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter
Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished imperializing

4. World Colonial Empires, 1900
U.S. Foreign Investments:

5. Reasons for U.S. Expansion
Why the new focus? Darwinism
Social Darwinism promoted white superiority
“White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity
By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

6. American Social Darwinism
Civilization
Vice
Ignorance
Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression
Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

7. The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China
The US as a World Power
The U.S. promoted trade with Europe but avoided diplomatic conflicts (neutrality)
The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods
The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

8. The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska
In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
Canada became a dominion of England in 1867 and Seward hoped to convince England to give up Canada; thus the purchase of Alaska
Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

9. Seward’s Icebox: King Andy & Seward lug in a big block of Russian ice to cool down Congress
What was going on in Congress in 1868 that Andrew Johnson would need cooled down?

10. The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America
Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade
U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses
In the Gilded Age, U.S. companies like United Fruit became the largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

11. The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii
U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation
In 1887, the US gained Pearl Harbor as a naval base
“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.”
—John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison
In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

12. Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley
Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?
Hawaii is the stepping-stone to the vast Asian markets

13. The U.S. as a World Power: China
The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China
The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence

14. Peace Treaty with China
Open Door Policy
Peace Treaty with China

15. The U.S. as a World Power: Japan
But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20th Century
The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism
Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea
The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S.
The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

16. The New Navy
The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland)
In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s:
The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships
But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships
The navy improved from 12th the world in 1889 to 3rd in 1900
1st big, heavy-armor ships
1st submarines
1st smokeless-powder artillery
1st rapid-fire guns
1st torpedoes
Sec of the navy Benjamin Tracy (under Harrison) oversaw US’s 1st big ships, 1st submarine, 1st smokeless powder, 1st rapid-fire guns, 1st torpedoes, 1st heavy-armor ships

17. Essential Question:
What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

18. The Spanish-American War

19. Causes of the Spanish-American War
U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba
The Spanish American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution
Cuba & Puerto Rico were last remnants of Spain’s empire

20. Causes of the Spanish-American War
By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines
José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895
Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

21. Evidence of Spanish Mistreatment of Cubans
General Weyler’s Reconcentration Policy

22. American Involvement
Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until:
Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba
In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

23. Jingoism is chauvinistic patriotism, usually with a hawkish political stance. In practice, it refers to sections of the general public who advocate bullying other countries or using whatever means necessary to safeguard a country's national interests

25. Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

26. The Spanish-American War
In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba
The war led to patriotic outburst:
Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South
Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers
“Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we.
But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

27. Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines
Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba
“What a splendid little war.”
—John Hay, Secretary of State
under President McKinley
The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

28. Results of Spanish-American War
U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898:
Cuba gained independence
U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam
What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

29. The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule
War in the Philippines
The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule
Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence
Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years:
Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives
The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape

30. War in the Philippines
McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission:
Built schools, roads, & bridges
Improved taxes & sanitation
Created local governments that honored Filipino culture
Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting
The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946

31. The “American Empire” in 1900
The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time
How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting?
Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship
The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

32. Our Sphere of Influence
Examine this political cartoon
Our Sphere of Influence

33. What are the major differences between Manifest Destiny and U. S
What are the major differences between Manifest Destiny and U.S. imperialism?
What are the major similarities between Manifest Destiny and U.S. imperialism?

34. What the US has fought for

36. Conclusions: The USA as a New World Power

37. Impact of Spanish-American War
Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy:
The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power”
Increased the power of the American president

38. Examining Primary Sources of the Spanish-American War

39. Class Discussion: How did U. S
Class Discussion: How did U.S. territorial expansion change from 1800 to 1900?