1. Chapter 3
Morphology

2. Grammar Safari (xtra credit)
Find a morphemically creative word
From a naturally occurring source
Tell us:
What the word means
How you know (what each morpheme means)
Tree it (we’ll see how to do this later)
Example:
On next slide…

3. Safari Example Word: Meaning: How I know Tree: Bugetarian
One who eats only bugs
How I know
Bug= “root
-etary= having to do with
-ian= one who does… (compare “vegetarian)
Tree:
Noun
(Noun)
Bug (root)
-etary (N or Adj)
-ian (N)

4. What’s Missing? I
was very chalant, despite my efforts to appear gruntled and consolate. I was furling my wieldy umbrella… when I saw her… She was a descript person… Her hair was kempt, her clothing shevelled, and she moved in a gainly way.
What’s the pattern in the missing stuff?

5. Little Sounds Mean a Lot
What are functions of prefixes & suffixes?
Prefixes/Suffixes = Morphemes
Make a list –
List as many as you can in 1 minute
Which morphemes change the meaning?
What do the others do?

6. Formal Definition: Morpheme
Smallest unit of meaning in a language
Not necessarily independent
Creative potential
Each has only one meaning

7. Just Do it: Creating Words
Define “Blog” (noun, verb)
Define “Blogger” (noun only)
Create an ADJ = “like an opinionated posting”
“That sounds a little ____________________.”
Create another ADJ
“I don’t trust her ______________ pronouncements.”
Create an ADV = “as a blogger would do something”
“Jack always writes so ___________________.”
Create a NOUN = “the act of a person who blogs”
“She’s doing a bit of _________________”
In the New York Times William Safire wrote about the “Blogiverse” What do you suppose he meant?
Exercise 3.1

8. Words like “Blogosphere” are:
Dumb – they should always be avoided
OK in comics strips – not in ‘real life’
‘Avante Guarde’ – to be used by the daring
Great – use them whenever possible

9. Extremely Morph-y Antidisestablishmentarianism
How many morphemes are there? 3 5 7 9
None of the above

10. Extremely Morph-y Antidisestablishmentarianism Identify the morphemes…
What does each morpheme mean?
Which are bound?
Which are free?

11. Derivational Morpheme
A morpheme which causes a word to change in meaning &/or grammatical category
(anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism)
anti = meaning change
dis = meaning change
establish = free root
ment = grammatical change (V  N)
ari (ary) = grammatical change (N  Adj)
(i)an = grammatical change (Adj  N)
ism = meaning change

12. List Some Others… Bound Morphemes (No need to make real words…)
Free Morphemes (No need to make real words…)
Prefix
Root
Suffix
Prefix
Root
Suffix

13. Did You Get It?
How many morphemes are in
“Unexpectedly” 1 3 5 7

14. Did You Get This, Too? How many BOUND morphemes are in “Destandardize”1 2 3 4

15. Tree: Unexpectedly expect (verb) ed (past) ly (adj adv) Un (not) ADV

16. You Try It: Destandardize
verb
verb
noun
ize (NV)
Stand (verb)
ard (VN)
De (not)

17. Do On Your Own Outside of class… Exercise 3.2 p. 40
The chart at the bottom of page 41 may be helpful

18. Find Your Own
Using your Grammar & Communication paper, find a word with:
At least 4 morphemes
At least 2 FREE morphemes
At least 2 suffix morphemes

19. Questions
Before we move on…?

20. Tell Me About It…
Manching my swiltest fresnep all day, the tunkles are bronking to murple a set of swazzling phubren!
Label the Part of Speech (POS) of the underlined words… (N, V, ADJ, ADV)
What morphemes helped you decide?

21. Think About It List the morphemes that we saw above
Are these derivational morphemes?
What do these morphemes do?
Put the morphemes on other words
Put the new words in sentences
Think about what you see…

22. Key Vocab: Inflectional Morpheme
A morpheme that marks words for grammatical class WITHOUT changing the basic meaning

23. Inflection In English: Nouns Plural: ___ , Possessive: ___
Verbs Tense/Person ___, ___, ___, ___
Adj/Adv Comparative/Superlative ___, ___

24. English Inflectional Morphemes
Function
Form
Example
Nouns
x 2
Verbs
x 4
Adjectives x2

25. } } Inflection (FYI) Marking a word for a grammatical class English
Plural
Possessive
Tense
Contrast
Gender
Gram. Class
Person’s Role
Etc. }
English }
Other Languages

26. Did You Get It? How many morphemes are in: The cakes were eaten 1 2 34

27. Did You Get It? How many morphemes are in: The cakes were eaten 1 2 34

28. Did You Get It? How many morphemes are in: The cakes were eaten 1 2 34

29. Did You Get It? - Challenge
How many morphemes are in
photographers’ 2 3 4 5

30. Find as Many of the Eight Inflections as You Can…
… in your G & C paper

31. Just Do It
Exercises
3.5 (p )
3.6 (p. 49)

33. What’s the function of the present tense here?
The birds are watching the tree go away now
It’s habitual – the tree disappears every week
It’s currently relevant - The birds just noticed
This example does not use the present tense

34. And another exercise…
… related point:

35. I Told You Earlier Each morpheme as only one meaning But what about:
dogs
writes
And on the flip side…. (next slide)
They are kind of like…

36. Allomorphs
Readable
Readability
Incredible
Unbelievable
Other pairs?

37. Zero Allomorph Verb Noun I cut the cards (yesterday or everyday)
______ (another example?)
Noun
Deer (1 or ‘more than one’)
______ (another example?)

38. More Funky Stuff…
…on the next slide

39. Functional Shift Each of these words can fill 2 (or more) functions
Record Cap Fly Heavy
Result Seat Finish Yellow
What functions does each word fill?
How does the meaning shift for each?
Now add morphemes… What can you create?
Exercise 3.7

40. Did You Get It? - Challenge
How many Parts of Speech (POS) can we make using morphemes added to:
High 1 2 3 4
Show each POS in a sentence…

41. Derivation vs. Inflection
See also chart on page 55
Derivation
Inflection
Morpheme Order 1 2
Category Change  
Productivity
()
Meaning
Lexical
Grammatical

42. Find & Correct the Error
As I read the article by Julia P. Stanley on Homosexual Slang, a lot of things came as a surprise, however something’s were familiar because of my relationship with homosexual peers.
Hint: Look at inflectional morphemes

43. Find & Correct Again
After gathering drawings of embryonic fish, salamander, hog, calf, rabbit, and human, Haeckel discovered that they all appeared similar in the earliest stages of development.
How does morphology matter here?

44. Any Morphological Errors…
… in your G & C paper?

45. Do It Exercise 3.11 Review Exercises Morphing & Unmorphables (p. 56)pp
NOTE: All the exercises in the text are relevant & good
– even those that aren’t listed in the slides…

46. For “Tomorrow”
TPQ on Chapter 3
Begin reading Chapter 4