1. WHAP Exam Review 8000 B.C.E. to around 600 C.E. Chapters 1-12

2. The Big Picture Think Themes! See AP syllabus Think GRAPES! Civilization---What is it? What makes a civilization? Change---What causes change? Human Interaction with Environment---Where do they live? Why they move? Defense? How do civilizations interact with others? Technology?

3. Nomads Foraging societies (hunting –gathering) Concerns were shelter and food Language Fire Tools (stone) Pastoral societies (animal herding) Neolithic Revolution: stay put and farm, villages to cities to civilizations, specialized workers led to class systems, used animals for farming, technology (tools for farming, pottery, weaving, wheels, carts, sails, METALLURGY, etc.)

4. River Valley Civilizations Water source Fertile soil Transportation

5. RVCs---Mesopotamia Land between rivers---Tigris and Euphrates Irrigation Sumer---cuneiform, 12-month calendar, base 60 math, polytheistic, ziggurats Sargon of Akkad---first empire Babylon---Hammurabi’s Code Hittites---iron weapons Assyrians---capital at Nineveh Chaldeans---King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon Persian Empire---big! Great Royal Road Others nearby: Lydians=coined money; Phoenicians=sailors, purple dye, alphabet; Hebrews=Judaism (monotheistic)

6. RVCs---Egypt The Nile=predictable floods Old, Middle and New Kingdoms Pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, trade Polytheistic---afterlife, mummification Women---Queen Hatshepsut, more rights than other lands Social Structure---Pharaoh, priests, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves Conquered by Assyrians and Persians What brings empires/civilizations down?

7. RVCs---Indus Indus River More isolated due to mountains, still invaded Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro---major cities Planned cities, plumbing, potter’s wheel Abandoned??? Aryans: nomadic tribe, horses, reincarnation, polytheistic, Vedas and Upanishads, caste system, later becomes Hinduism

8. RVCs---China Yellow (Huang He, Hwang Ho) and Yangtze Shang Dynasty: defensive walls, chariots, isolated, believed they were center of the world, ethnocentric, bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system – Patriarchal, veneration of ancestors Zhou Dynasty: long dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, feudalism, led to period of warring states

9. RVCs---Bantu??? Africa on Niger River “Stateless society” MIGRATED!!! South and east away from Sahara, due to climate changes Spread language group (Bantu) Why do people migrate?

10. Early MesoAmerica/Andean S. America Olmec: 1200 to 1400 B.C.E., urban society, corn, beans, squash, irrigation, large-scale buildings, polytheistic, writing and calendar Chavin: 900-300 B.C.E., polytheistic, near coast so had seafood too, metals in tools and weapons, llamas They are in an entirely different part of the world with no contact of the other civilizations. So??? Not in River Valleys! So???

11. Classical: Mesoamerica Maya, 300 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E. Southern Mexico and other parts of Central America Collection of city-states ruled by the same king Pyramids, hieroglyphics, complex calendar, city planning, Tikal, Chichen Itza, ball game Religion: 3 world, gods made people out of maize, sacrifices, blood-letting Wars to acquire slaves, no beasts of burden Social classes: most people were peasants/slaves Cotton and maize, good agricultural practices

12. Classical=India Mauryan Empire: founded by Chandragupta Maurya, grandson Ashoka Maurya was its greatest leader (Rock and Pillar Edicts, spread Buddhism), trade!, Gupta Dynasty: Chandra Gupta, decentralized and smaller than Mauryan, peace and advances in arts and sciences (pi and ‘arabic’ numerals), women losing rights

13. Classical: China Qin Dynasty: short, strong economy based on agriculture, powerful army, iron weapons, grew, Great Wall of China united, legalism – Qin Shihuangdhi---emperor, standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, writing--- burned books, killed scholars (legalism Han Dynasty: WuTi—warrior emperor, enlarged China, Trade thrived on Silk Road, civil service exam based on Confucianism, invented paper, sundials, calendars, used metals

14. Classical= Greece Land=mountainous, peninsula, no major rivers, no large scale agriculture, harbors, sea, mild weather Athens and Sparta=city-states/polises, very different Democracy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy Mythology=Many gods/polytheists Persian Wars leads to Golden Age of Pericles in Athens and Delian League which leads to Peloponnesian War Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Alexander the Great: Father conquered/united Greeks, he conquered Persian Empire, Hellenism, land split into Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid empires

15. Classical= Rome Mythology: like the Greeks, polytheists Patricians/Plebeians (like the Greeks too) Twelve Tables of Rome Social Structure: pater familias, patriarchal, slavery important Roman Empire spread by military domination, Punic Wars First Triumvirate= Pompey, Crassus, Ceasar Caesar became “emperor for life”, assassinated Second Triumvirate= Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus---- Octavius became dictator (Caesar Augustus) Pax Romana---Can you compare this to other golden ages in other empires? Christianity!

16. Late Classical 200-600 c.e. Collapse of empires such as Han, Gupta, Roman, Maya Maya: ??? Disease, drought, internal unrest/warfare, expanding population too much for environment? Han China: Wang Mang, land redistribution unsuccessful, famines, floods, war on edge of civilization, China is divided for a time into regional kingdoms

17. Late Classical 200-600 c.e. Gupta India: invaded by the White Huns Rome: western half, remember “Who killed Mama Roma?”, Diocletian divided it in 284, Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, invasions brought final end.

18. Silk Road World becoming “smaller” by trade and connection What travels on trade routes besides goods to be traded? Silk Roads---over land and sea

19. Major Belief Systems Polytheism Confucianism Daoism Legalism Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity

20. Technology Farming tools-ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel Irrigation-dikes, canals, plumbing, sewage systems Metallurgy-copper, bronze, iron Pottery Wheeled chariots Stirrup Architecture-pyramids, ziggurats, temples, aqueducts, theaters, stadiums Crafts, jewelry Record keeping-writing, calendars, math

21. Role of Women Women lose power when people settle, no equal share of work All patriarchal Upper-class/elite women more restricted Veiling In Buddhism and Christianity, women were equal in faith but not in Hinduism and Confucianism

22. Big Picture Civilizations---Key Traits Civilizations---Fall Change---trade, conquest, spread of belief systems, technology (innovation vs. adaption) Human Interaction with Geography---how did they change their surroundings to meet their needs, human need to control/explain nature, in religion too (protection to internal peace)