1. Princeton Review AP World History

2. The Ancient Stuff Around 8000 BCE to Around 600 CE

3. The Big Picture 1. What are civilizations all about? 2. How does change occur within a society? 3. How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?

4. Nomads Why was the development of more stable civilizations so significant? Why was the development of more stable civilizations so significant? Language Language Fire Fire Simple stone tools Simple stone tools Foraging Societies – hunter-gatherer Foraging Societies – hunter-gatherer Pastoral Societies – domestication of animals Pastoral Societies – domestication of animals

5. Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) Nomads start staying in the same place Nomads start staying in the same place Becomes “their” home Becomes “their” home Food surplus – specialized labor Food surplus – specialized labor Beginnings of “civilization” Beginnings of “civilization” Dramatically impacted environment Dramatically impacted environment

6. Technology Technology Use of animals Use of animals Wheels, sails, baskets Wheels, sails, baskets Use of Metals (Bronze Age) – later part of Neolithic Revolution Use of Metals (Bronze Age) – later part of Neolithic Revolution

7. Civilizations Rivers – fertile soil Rivers – fertile soil Social, Political and Economic developments Social, Political and Economic developments City States – loosely connected City States – loosely connected Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and the Americas Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and the Americas

8. Mesopotamia – “Land between Rivers” (Tigris/Euphrates) Sumer, Babylon, Persia Sumer, Babylon, Persia Unpredictable flooding Unpredictable flooding

9. Sumer Developed cuneiform – form of writing; spread through trade routes to other regions Developed cuneiform – form of writing; spread through trade routes to other regions Wheel, 12 month calendar, math system based on sixty, geometry Wheel, 12 month calendar, math system based on sixty, geometry Polytheistic – Ziggurats (temples for their gods) Polytheistic – Ziggurats (temples for their gods) When disaster struck, the gods were unhappy When disaster struck, the gods were unhappy

10. Babylon Sumer declined; Akkad rose to dominate region – wrote first known code of laws in cuneiform. Sumer declined; Akkad rose to dominate region – wrote first known code of laws in cuneiform. Babylon overtook Akkad Babylon overtook Akkad King Hammurabi – Code of Hammurabi King Hammurabi – Code of Hammurabi

11. Babylon fell to Kassites and then Hittites – used iron weapons Babylon fell to Kassites and then Hittites – used iron weapons Assyria – capital Ninevah; learned use of iron weapons from Hittites; cruel; sent large groups of people into exile (cultural diffusion) Assyria – capital Ninevah; learned use of iron weapons from Hittites; cruel; sent large groups of people into exile (cultural diffusion) Medes and Chaldeans defeat Assyria; King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon Medes and Chaldeans defeat Assyria; King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon

12. Persia Empire Built road system – Great Royal Road Built road system – Great Royal Road Within the Persian Empire: Within the Persian Empire: Lydians – coined money Lydians – coined money Phoenicians – established naval city- states; developed simple 22 letter alphabet (led to our system of letters) Phoenicians – established naval city- states; developed simple 22 letter alphabet (led to our system of letters) Hebrews – Judaism; monotheistic; believed they were God’s chosen people Hebrews – Judaism; monotheistic; believed they were God’s chosen people

13. Ancient Egypt Nile River Nile River Predictable flooding – followed stable agricultural process Predictable flooding – followed stable agricultural process Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom – height of power Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom – height of power

14. Pharaohs, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar Pharaohs, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar Trade – need a lot of supplies for huge building projects – brought them into contact with other civilizations Trade – need a lot of supplies for huge building projects – brought them into contact with other civilizations Polytheistic – belief in afterlife (pyramids) Polytheistic – belief in afterlife (pyramids)

15. Queen Hatshepsut – first known female ruler Queen Hatshepsut – first known female ruler High status of women – more rights and opportunities than Mesopotamia women High status of women – more rights and opportunities than Mesopotamia women Peasants Pharaohs Priests Nobles Merchants/Artisans Slaves

16. Egypt Decline: Egypt Decline: Assyria invaded Assyria invaded Persia conquered Persia conquered Later Greeks occupied Egypt Later Greeks occupied Egypt Became part of Roman Empire Became part of Roman Empire

17. Indus Valley Civilization Mountains limited contact with other civilizations (Khyber Pass) Mountains limited contact with other civilizations (Khyber Pass) Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro – carefully planned cities – strong central government Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro – carefully planned cities – strong central government Polytheistic Polytheistic

18. Cities were abandoned (don’t know why) Cities were abandoned (don’t know why) Aryans arrived to the area Aryans arrived to the area Belief system (reincarnation) Belief system (reincarnation) Social structure (caste system) Social structure (caste system) Would be basis of Hinduism Would be basis of Hinduism

19. China Shang Shang Isolated Isolated Bronze, horse drawn chariots Bronze, horse drawn chariots Spoked wheel Spoked wheel Production of pottery and silk Production of pottery and silk Extended family – belief in dead ancestor spirits Extended family – belief in dead ancestor spirits

20. Zhou – longest lasting dynasty (900 yrs) Zhou – longest lasting dynasty (900 yrs) Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven Feudal System – king granted land to nobles; eventually nobles became too powerful and built own kingdoms Feudal System – king granted land to nobles; eventually nobles became too powerful and built own kingdoms Decline: fighting feudal kingdoms Decline: fighting feudal kingdoms

21. Mesoamerica and Andean South America Developed independently from the other civilizations Developed independently from the other civilizations Did not develop along rivers Did not develop along rivers Olmec (Mexico) Olmec (Mexico) Corn, beans squash Corn, beans squash Irrigation, large scale buildings, polytheistic, writing, calendar Irrigation, large scale buildings, polytheistic, writing, calendar

22. Chavin (Andes, S. America) Chavin (Andes, S. America) Access to coast; supplemented diet with seafood Access to coast; supplemented diet with seafood Polytheistic, use of metal tools, used llamas Polytheistic, use of metal tools, used llamas

23. West Africa Bantu Migrations – the Bantu family of languages migrated South and East Bantu Migrations – the Bantu family of languages migrated South and East Migrated due to climatic changes Migrated due to climatic changes Jenne-Jeno – first city in Sub-Sahara Jenne-Jeno – first city in Sub-Sahara Fishing settlement Fishing settlement A collection of individual communities A collection of individual communities

24. Classical Civilizations

25. India Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya – unified the Aryan kingdoms Chandragupta Maurya – unified the Aryan kingdoms Ashoka Maurya – his grandson; take it to its height Ashoka Maurya – his grandson; take it to its height Trade; powerful military Trade; powerful military Ashoka converted to Buddhism Ashoka converted to Buddhism Rock and Pillar Edicts – live generous and righteous lives Rock and Pillar Edicts – live generous and righteous lives Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism enabled it to spread throughout SE Asia Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism enabled it to spread throughout SE Asia

26. Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Mauryan Empire declined; Chandra Gupta revived it. Mauryan Empire declined; Chandra Gupta revived it. Decentralized; smaller empire Decentralized; smaller empire Mathematics: Pie and zero, Arabic numerals Mathematics: Pie and zero, Arabic numerals Iron weapons Iron weapons Hinduism once again dominant religion Hinduism once again dominant religion Reinforced caste system Reinforced caste system Women lost rights Women lost rights Child marriages Child marriages

27. China Qin Dynasty Qin Dynasty Lasted less than a decade Lasted less than a decade Qin Shihuangdi – legalism Qin Shihuangdi – legalism Recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized laws; strict on dissent Recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized laws; strict on dissent Built Great Wall of China Built Great Wall of China

28. Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Trade thrived along silk road; carried culture Trade thrived along silk road; carried culture Buddhism spread Buddhism spread Civil service system – exam for highly educated government workers Civil service system – exam for highly educated government workers Invented paper, sundials and calendars; broadened use of metals Invented paper, sundials and calendars; broadened use of metals

29. Greece Trade thrived due to limited land resources Trade thrived due to limited land resources Collection of polis (city-states) Collection of polis (city-states) Athens – political, commercial and cultural center Athens – political, commercial and cultural center Government changed from monarchy to aristocracy (Draco and Solon) Government changed from monarchy to aristocracy (Draco and Solon)

30. Sparta – militaristic and agricultural Sparta – militaristic and agricultural Society: Society: Citizens – adult males Citizens – adult males Free people – no rights Free people – no rights Slaves – 1/3 of population – relied heavily on slaves Slaves – 1/3 of population – relied heavily on slaves All citizens (adult males) were expected to participate in in civic decisions – lead to first democracy All citizens (adult males) were expected to participate in in civic decisions – lead to first democracy

31. Polytheistic – mythology Polytheistic – mythology Persian Wars – united Greece to fight mutual enemy Persian Wars – united Greece to fight mutual enemy Pericles Pericles Golden Age Golden Age Rebuilt Athens Rebuilt Athens Delian League – alliance of Greek city-states Delian League – alliance of Greek city-states

32. Philosophy – Socrates, Plato Aristotle Philosophy – Socrates, Plato Aristotle Comedies and tragedies Comedies and tragedies Homer – wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey Homer – wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey Ancient Greek accomplishments would be inspiration for European Renaissance and Enlightenment 2000 years later Ancient Greek accomplishments would be inspiration for European Renaissance and Enlightenment 2000 years later

33. Decline of Athens Decline of Athens Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta Wins Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta Wins Macedonians – Philip conquered Greece, but allowed culture to flourish Macedonians – Philip conquered Greece, but allowed culture to flourish

34. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Defeats Persian Empire Defeats Persian Empire Spreads Greek culture – Hellenism Spreads Greek culture – Hellenism 3 Empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptlomaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) 3 Empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptlomaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) Focused on Ptlomaic – Alexandria; Hellenistic cultural city Focused on Ptlomaic – Alexandria; Hellenistic cultural city

35. Rome Polytheistic (Greek Origin) Polytheistic (Greek Origin) Social Structure Social Structure Patricians/Plebeians Patricians/Plebeians Twelve Tables of Rome (innocent until proven guilty) Twelve Tables of Rome (innocent until proven guilty) Pater familias – eldest male Pater familias – eldest male Slaves Slaves

36. Roman Military Carthage – city-state in N. Africa became enemies Carthage – city-state in N. Africa became enemies Punic Wars – with Carthage Punic Wars – with Carthage Hannibal Hannibal Rome became undisputed power in Mediterranean Rome became undisputed power in Mediterranean

37. Collapse of Republic 1 st Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar 1 st Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar Civil War between Caesar and the Senate; Caesar become emperor Civil War between Caesar and the Senate; Caesar become emperor

38. 2 nd triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus 2 nd triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus Octavius=Augustus Caesar; end of republic Octavius=Augustus Caesar; end of republic Pax Romana Pax Romana

39. Literature Literature Architecture (Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum) Architecture (Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum) Science Science Ptolemy (Astronomy) Ptolemy (Astronomy) Roads and aqueducts Roads and aqueducts

40. Paganism – made sacrifices to gods Paganism – made sacrifices to gods Christianity Christianity Grew out of Judaism Grew out of Judaism Persecution Persecution Constantine ended persecution Constantine ended persecution Edict of Milan – Christianity became official religion Edict of Milan – Christianity became official religion

41. Empires Collapse Han China Han China Would end up being divided into several regional kingdoms for 400 yrs Would end up being divided into several regional kingdoms for 400 yrs Gupta India Gupta India Invaded by Huns (culture survived) Invaded by Huns (culture survived)

42. Roman Empire Roman Empire Internal decay, bad leaders, size of empire Internal decay, bad leaders, size of empire Diocletian splits empire into 2. Diocletian splits empire into 2. Constantine established new capital in the East (Byzantine) Constantine established new capital in the East (Byzantine) Rome fell to Germanic invasions Rome fell to Germanic invasions East would survive (Byzantine Empire) East would survive (Byzantine Empire)

43. Polytheism Polytheism Confucianism Confucianism Daoism Daoism Legalism Legalism Hinduism Hinduism Buddhism Buddhism Judaism Judaism Christianity Christianity Belief Systems

44. 1. Civilizations 1. Civilizations 2. Sources of Change 2. Sources of Change 3. Humans vs. Nature 3. Humans vs. Nature Go Back to the Big Picture