1. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Context

2. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Cultural Influences on Context By nature all men are alike, but by education widely different. —Chinese Saying Live together like brothers and do business like strangers. —Arab Proverb If you are not in tune with the universe, there is sickness in the heart and mind. —Navajo Saying

3. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Learning Objectives perceive the relationship between culture and context perceive the relationship between communication and context understand the different attitudes and conversational structures of health care context summarize the different roles and behavioral patterns of educational context evaluate the different management concept and behavioral modes of business context

4. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Case 1 A Refusal of an Offer of Coffee Why did a refusal of coffee lead to the deadlock in the negotiations?

5. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Cultural Influences on Contexts The Business Context D Intercultural Negotiations E The Educational Context C The Health Care Context B Understanding Context A

6. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text A Pre-reading Questions What kinds of behaviors can be appropriate in the following contexts.

7. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Text A: Understanding Context communication context: cultural, social, and physical settings “frame (reference point)” : what specific actions should mean what behaviors are to be expected how to act appropriately and effectively Internalized cultural rules

8. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Text A Understanding Context Three basic assumptions about human communication: 1. Communication is rule governed 2. Context specifies communication rules 3. Communication rules are culturally diverse

9. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1. Communication is rule governed Communication rules prescribe proper behavior Social settings stipulate rules Culture makes the rules Rules cover both verbal and nonverbal behaviors Rules specify what should be said, how it should be said

10. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 2. Context specifies communication rules Diverse contexts, Different communication rules

11. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 3. Communication rules are culturally diverse Different cultures, different rules. Dress Time Language Manners Nonverbal behavior Control of communication

12. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text B Pre-reading Activity 1. Recall your last visit to a doctor. 2. Identify the typical features in the Chinese medical context.

13. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text B The Health Care Context 1. Culture’s influence on the health care context 2. Family roles in the health care context 3. Conversational structures and language

14. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1. Culture’s influence on the health care context Three basic health belief systems Biomedical System Personalistic System Naturalistic System

15. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts a. Biomedical System Objective diagnosis Scientific explanation of disease Illness: abnormalities in functioning or structure Treatment destroy/remove causative agent repair affected body part control affected body system European American cultures

16. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts b. Personalistic System Health and illness: linked to supernatural forces Disease: result of active intervention by supernatural being, nonhuman being, or human Treatment: sooth/remove problematic supernatural forces Some African, many Asian cultures, Latino and African American cultures

17. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts c. Naturalistic System Health and illness: result of impersonal forces or conditions, an upset in balance of body elements Disease: result from disequilibria Treatment: restore balance The ancient Chinese principle of yin and yang

18. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 2. Family roles in the health care context Guidelines: how to perceive and communicate a. dominance patterns the United States: individual patient collectivist cultures: family members b. modesty (bodily displays for women) Latina women: not permitted to undress for an examination by male physicians/nurses Arab women: shy about disrobing for examinations

19. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 3. Conversational structures and language Latinos and Arabs: extensive small talk Native Americans: extensive periods of silence Asians and Asian Americans: indirection or other face-saving strategies Individualistic and low-context cultures: important to communicate verbally Collectivistic and high-context cultures: avoid conversing with physicians during medical interviews

20. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text C The Educational Context 1. Culture’s influence on the educational context 2. Classroom interaction a. role behaviors in class b. classroom discussion and participation

21. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text D The Business Context 1. Cultural views toward management a. North American b. European c. Asian d. Latin

22. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1.a. North American Management Styles resent interference strong work ethic friendly and informal competitive and aggressive manager: a high status, a cultural hero

23. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1.b. European Management Styles Germany: 1) detailed information and instruction to guide 2) do not need to motivate 3) authoritarian leadership style France: 1) rules, regulations, and principles 2) authoritarian 3) autocratic Britain: 1) diplomatic, tactful, laid back, casual, reasonable, helpful 2) compromise, fair 3) friendly small talk, casual approach to work

24. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1.c. Asian Management Styles China: 1) harmony 2) kinship, interpersonal connections, face, and power 3) seniority: main source of power, from age and length of service Japan: 1) harmonious integration of all members 2) organization: a large extended family 3) acceptance of hierarchy, sense of obligation, consensual decision making

25. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Cultural Views Toward Management Diverse CulturesManagement Styles North American American EuropeanGerman French British AsianChinese Japanese LatinoMexican and Latin American

26. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text D The Business Context 2. Business Protocol a. initial contacts b. greeting behaviors c. gift giving

27. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts a. Initial Contacts American: 1) socialization is unimportant 2) not interested in long-term relationships 3) trust in counterparts Chinese: 1) establish contacts 2) socializing is integral 3) long-term business or personal relationships

28. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts b. Greeting Behaviors American: 1) informal and friendly 2) shaking hands 3) first names used, except senior persons or formal situations 4) business cards exchanged in business settings Chinese: 1) slight bow and brief shake of hands 2) social status and rank highly honored 3) business cards 4) family name

29. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts c. Gift Giving American: 1) akin to bribery 2) letters of thanks 3) a small token: flowers, a plant, or a bottle of wine Japanese: 1) very common 2) do not open gifts 3) flowers, cakes, or candy when visiting

30. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts While-Class Learning: Text E Intercultural Negotiations 1. Pacing 2. Negotiation Styles 3. Variations in Decision-making

31. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 1. Pacing AmericaLatin America business conducted lightning speedmuch slower pace contracts signed common during the first meeting several trips to accomplish decisions made middle managersseveral people Some cultures: Personal relationships take priority over the product or service, business does not begin until friendships are established.

32. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 2. Negotiation Styles Negotiation styles AmericansEfficiency, directness; ready to bargain or compromise; logical arguments BritishSimilar to Americans, but more silence, interrupt less; friendly, sociable, flexible FrenchMost difficult of Europeans; long-winded; relish debate, confrontational and competitive GermansNot compromise; clear, firm and assertive; frequently interrupt JapaneseLong pauses, silence; harmony ChineseAvoid conflict; long-term relationships; face- saving; status; indirect, silence; smile

33. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts 3. Variations in Decision-making Variations in decision-making AmericansProblem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, factual inductive FrenchDebate; conservative, safe decision-makers; decisions made by top authorities JapaneseLevel expertise; consensus-building process ChineseMore authoritative than consensual;

34. Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts Thank You