1. Colonial Ways of Life (1608-1763)
Chapter 3

2. The Southern Colonies

3. Southern Economy Tobacco was a cash crop in Virginia & Maryland
South Carolina grew rice & indigo
Plantation – large commercial (for profit) estate where labors lived and cultivated crops for owner
Indentured Servants – VA & MD had plenty of land, but not enough labor. England had poor willing to come to America
Indentured Servant: laborers bound to land owner working off debt of travel,
Contract lasted 4-11 years

4. Southern Society
Plantations were self-contained communities that had schools, churches, and workshops
1600s, plantations small; 1700s, plantations large due to slave labor
Small land owners lived in the backcountry (frontier), close to Native American land
Small farmers known as yeoman
Practiced subsistence farming: only growing enough crops for themselves
Corn, beans, potatoes, barley, rye

5. Social Classes in Southern Society
Wealthy Planters
Poor Yeoman Farmers
Tenant Farmers
Indentured Servants
Slaves

6. Bacon’s Rebellion Sir William Berkeley – governor of Virginia
Allowed wealthy planters to dominate society
Controlled by appointing supporters to the governing council and giving land to burgesses
Restricted vote to wealthy land owners – almost ½ lost right to vote
Angered backcountry farmers and tenant farmers
Native American relations will spark the rebellion

7. Bacon’s Rebellion: Crisis Over Land
LAND!!! *That’s why people came to America!
Indentured servants & tenant farmers wanted to own land eventually
Backcountry farmers wanted to expand their land holdings
Colonists did not want war with Native Americans
Berkeley asked burgesses for $$ to build forts along the frontier to protect backcountry farmers

8. Bacon Leads a Revolt
Backcountry farmers will meet at Nathaniel Bacon’s house
Bacon member of governor’s council but he took up cause of small farmers because he had been attacked by Native Americans
Organized a militia (army)
Berkeley restored voting rights to all FREE men
Changes did NOT satisfy Bacon & his men, they went to Jamestown, seized power, and charged Berkeley with corruption

9. Slavery in the Colonies
: million Africans enslaved
: 2 million will die in transit
500,000 taken to North America – first arrive in 1619
Chattel Slavery – humans owning other humans; slaves first treated like indentured servants; enslaved because they weren’t Christian

10. Slavery in the Colonies
Maryland was the first to formally recognize slavery when it denied Africans same rights as English citizens
1705, VA enacted a slave code
Set of laws to regulate rights and behaviors of slaves
Because slaves played an important role in growth of colonies plantation economy

11. New England & Middle Colonies
Section 2

12. Puritan Society Puritan law banned: card games, dice, plays, dancing
Salem & Witchcraft
Devout Puritans believed Satan used witches to work evil in the world
Salem, MA 1692: 20 residents of Salem were charged with witchcraft & executed
Began because a group of teenage girls accused an African servant of being a witch

13. Trade & Rise of Cities
New England wanted to buy: ceramic plates, hardware, fine cloth, and linens
Triangular Trade
New England bought goods from England by selling NE products to foreign countries in exchange for goods England wanted
Bill of exchange: credit slips English merchants gave planters in exchange for sugar – could buy English goods with them

14. Triangular Trade This trade made many New England merchants wealthy.
Many of these wealthy merchants built factories to refine raw sugar & distill molasses into rum
NE will sell their rum to Southern colonies for rice, tobacco, and indigo

15. The Imperial System
Section 3

16. Mercantilism
Mercantilism: a set of ideas about the world economy & how it worked; popular in the 1600s-1700s.
Country had to keep a favorable balance of trade
Country should be self-sufficient in raw materials
Should establish colonies where raw materials were available
Raw materials in exchange for manufactured goods
Negative: colonies could not sell goods for gold or silver – NE turned to triangular trade & smuggling

17. Navigation Acts
Mercantilists policies simple in 1600s, English government tried to encourage exports and restrict imports
Charles II, king in 1660, wanted to change the lax policies & enact a navigation act
All goods imported/exported had to be shipped on British ships
Specific raw materials could only be sold in England: sugar, tobacco, lumber, cotton, wool, & indigo

18. Navigation Acts 1663, Parliament passes the Staple Act
All merchants bringing European goods to the colonies had to stop in England to pay taxes
Colonial merchants were frustrated with the new acts & broke the laws
As a colonial power, England had the authority to appoint customs officials/inspectors who directly reported to the English government
In response to colonial disobedience, Parliament & the king created the Dominion on New England

19. Glorious Revolution
English were suspicious of their new king James II. He insisted on his divine right to rule
King chosen by God & given all power to rule
James II angered people by rejecting advice of Parliament, prosecuted bishops in the Anglican Church, revoked charters of English towns/corporations, and offended the people by practicing Catholicism

20. Bloodless Revolution
Fearful that James II could turn England back to Catholic nation, Parliament asked Mary & William to succeed James II to the throne
In response to invitation, James II fled England
Exchange of power = Glorious Revolution
Before taking the throne William & Mary had to sign the English Bill of Rights
Guaranteed: freedom of speech (in Parliament), no excessive bail, no cruel punishment, illegal for king to tax or raise army without Parliament’s ok

21. Legacy of John Locke
Glorious Revolution set a precedent – it showed a revolution against the king was (sometimes) justified
During the turmoil, English philosopher, John Locke, wrote a book called The Two Treatises of Government
Locke argued king’s right to rule came from the consent of the governed (the people)

22. Legacy of Locke
Locke believed everyone had certain natural rights: life, liberty, & pursuit of property
People form a contract with government in exchange for protection
Locke said if rights of people were violated, then people were justified to rebel & replace the government
U.S. Constitution & Declaration of Independence – based on Locke’s ideas

23. Legacy of Locke
Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were examples of how colonists understood the contract between government & the people
Colonists will use Locke’s ideas when they rebel in 1775 against England
Thomas Jefferson will use Locke’s ideas in the Declaration of Independence in 1776

24. Diverse Society
Section 4

25. The Enlightenment
Enlightenment Period: challenged authority of church in science & philosophy while elevating the power of human research
Enlightenment thinkers believed in natural laws – could be applied to political, social, and economic relationships
Rationalism: focus on logic
Rousseau wrote The Social Contract – argued govt should be formed from consent of people & people should make laws

26. The Enlightenment
Baron de Montesquieu proposed three types of power in government: judicial, executive, and legislative & each power should be separate!
Three branches to protect the power of the people
Separation provided a system of checks and balances that would prevent government from abusing its authority
Ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution

27. The Great Awakening
Stressed dependence on God – appealed to farmers, works, and enslaved people
Revival spread from England – movement stressed piety
Pietism: focus on devoutness & emotional unity with God
Revival: large public meetings for preaching & prayer

28. Great Awakening
Many preachers felt religion was decreasing due to focus on reasoning and not a reliance on God
NE preacher – Jonathon Edwards
Person had to be “born again”
Having a personal internal emotional experience that brought a person to God was a central part of Great Awakening
Had a profound effect on the South – Baptists let their slaves attend revivals where preachers condemned brutality of slavery and all people were equal in eyes of God

29. Overall Effect of Enlightenment & Great Awakening
E. last two cultural movements in the colonies before the American Revolution
F. Both movements emphasized individualism which supported independence. Enlightenment provided arguments against British rule and Great Awakening undermined allegiance to a traditional authority.