1. Chapter 23
Medicines and Drugs

2. Lesson 1
The Role of Medicines

3. Classifications of Medicines
Drugs that are used to treat or prevent disease or other conditions
Drugs
Substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind
Medicines can be sorted into four broad categories
Help prevent disease
Fight pathogens, or infectious agents that cause disease
Relieve pain
Help maintain or restore health and regulate the body’s system

4. Medicines that Prevent Disease
Vaccines
A preparation introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response
Contain weakened or dead pathogens that stimulate your body to produce specific antibodies against those pathogens

5. Medicines that Relieve Pain
Analgesics or pain relievers
Range from mild (aspirin) to strong narcotics (opium based, morphine and codeine)
Aspirin = acetylsalicylic acid, is used to relieve pain, reduce fever, and to treat arthritis
Aspirin can be dangerous to children
Ibuprofen = acetaminophen

6. Medicines and the Body Every person is different
Side Effects – reactions to medicine other than the one intended
Additive Interaction
Medicines work together in a positive way
Synergistic Effect
Two or more medicines work to a greater effect than when they are taken separately
Antagonist Interaction
When one medicine is canceled or reduced when taken with another medicine

7. Other Problems Tolerance Withdrawal
Condition in which the person becomes used to the effect of medicine
Withdrawal
Occurs when a person stops using a medicine
Especially true when someone forms a dependency on the medicine

8. Medicine Safety
Laws and policies for testing and approving new medicines
Prescription Medicines
Written approval
Over-the-Counter Medicines
Can buy without a prescription

9. Drug Use – A High-Risk Behavior
Lesson 2
Drug Use – A High-Risk Behavior

10. What is Substance Abuse?
Substance abuse – any unnecessary or improper chemical substances for nonmedical purposes
Overuse, multiple use of a drug, use of an illegal drug, and use of a drug in combination with alcohol or other drugs.
Illegal drugs – chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy or sell.
Illicit drug use – the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted

11. Factors That Influence Decisions About Drugs
Peer Pressure
Family Members
Role Models
Media Messages
Perceptions

12. The Health Risks of Drug Use
Physical health
Harm a user’s brain, heart, lungs and other vital organs
Overdose: a strong, sometimes fatal reaction to taking a large amount of a drug
Mental health
Cloud reasoning and thinking, users lose control of their behavior
Ecstasy alters the brain’s structure and function
Speeds up the nervous system, controls thinking mood, memory, and perception
Social health
“just experimenting” can say or do things that will regret later
Negative effect on relationships with friends and family
Expelled from school, often has legal consequences

13. Understanding the Addiction Cycle
Tolerance – needs more to feel the effect
Psychological dependence – person believes that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally
Physiological dependence – a user has a chemical need for the drug
Addiction – physiological or psychological dependence on a drug

14. Marijuana, Inhalants and Steroids
Lesson 3
Marijuana, Inhalants and Steroids

15. Marijuana
A plant whose leaves, buds and flowers are smoked for their intoxicating effects
One of the most widely used illegal drugs
Also known as pot, weed, or grass
Often the first drug teens experiment with
All forms are mind altering and can damage the user’s health
When combined with other drugs it can be deadly

16. Marijuana and Addiction
Raises levels of brain chemical called dopamine
Dopamine: produces a pleasurable feeling
Letdown or “crash” is when the pleasure sensation stops
Contains more cancer-causing chemicals than tobacco smoke and carries the same health risks as smoking tobacco
Interferes with the immune system, user becomes more susceptible to infections
Figure 23.3 (use for Pamphlet)

17. Risks to Mental/Emotional Health
Experience slow mental reflexes and suffer sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoia
Paranoia: an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others
Dizzy, trouble walking, difficulty remembering
Short-term memory is adversely affected
Distorted perception, loss of coordination, trouble with thinking and problem solving

18. Risks to Growth and Development
Risks to the Reproductive Organs
Males: regular use interferes with sperm production and lowers levels of testosterone, the hormone responsible for the development of adult male characteristics
Females: increases testosterone levels, unwanted facial hair, lead to infertility

19. Risks and Consequences of Driving Under the Influence
Interferes with depth perception, impairs judgment, and slows reflexes
Penalties and legal consequences for driving while under the influence of marijuana are strict
Suspension of a driver’s license, a fine, and often jail time
Insurance will increase when license is restored

20. Inhalants
Substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering effect
Most go immediately to the brain, causing damage and actually killing brain cells that will never be replaced.
Include
Solvents and aerosols such as glues, spray paints, gasoline and varnishes
All inhalants are extremely dangerous and many are labeled as poisons
Cause permanent nervous system and brain damage

21. Inhalants cont.,
Most inhalants depress the central nervous system and produce effects that include a glassy stare, slurred speech and impaired judgment
Can cause sudden death by increasing heart rate that results in cardiac arrest or death by suffocation

22. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Synthetic substances that are similar to the male sex hormone testosterone
Anabolic refers to muscle building
Androgenic refers to increased male characteristics
When using under a doctors guidance , they help build muscle in patients with chronic diseases, all other use is illegal and dangerous
Can cause mood swings, impaired judgment resulting from feelings of invincibility, and paranoia

23. Lesson 4
Psychoactive Drugs

24. Classification of Psychoactive Drugs
Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain
Change the functioning of the CNS
There are four main groups (Figure 23.4, pamphlet)
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Narcotics
4. Hallucinogens

25. Health Risks of Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that speed up the central nervous system
Foods that contain a small amount of a stimulant called caffeine are coffee, cola and tea
Nicotine in tobacco products is also a stimulant
Some are used for medication to treat hyperactivity
Most dangerous of the illegal stimulants is cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine

26. Cocaine Rapid-acting, powerful, highly addictive
Interrupts normal functioning of the central nervous system
Illegal everywhere
White powder extracted from the leaves of the coca plant
Experience a surge of self-confidence and euphoria, a feeling of intense well-being or elation
Regular use can lead to depression, fatigue, paranoia, and physiological dependence
Overuse can lead to cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, seizures and death

27. Crack More dangerous form of cocaine
AKA crack cocaine, rock or freebase rock
One of the most deadly drugs available
Pure form of cocaine that reaches the brain seconds after being smoked or injected
Causes heart rate and blood pressure to soar to dangerous levels
Death may result from cardiac or respiratory failure
Mixing with alcohol can cause death due to liver failure

28. Amphetamines
Used in prescription medicines to reduce fatigue and drowsiness or to suppress the appetite
Used illegally to stay awake, alert, to improve athletic performance, or to lose weight
Easily develop a tolerance and therefore user can ingest more of the substance
Twitching, irregular heartbeat, paranoia and heart and blood vessel damage

29. Methamphetamine AKA, Meth
White, odorless powder that easily dissolves in alcohol or water
“Club Drug”
Short term feeling of euphoria
Feeling of intense well-being or elation
Results in depression, paranoia, damage to CNS, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and damage to brain cells
Also causes death

30. Health Risks of Depressants
Sedatives
Drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system
Relax muscles, relieve feelings of tension and worry and cause drowsiness
Dangerous because they slow the heart rate, lower blood pressure, and interrupt the normal rate of breathing
Most common: alcohol, also includes, barbiturate and tranquilizers, rohypnol and GHB
Cause a synergistic effect

31. Barbiturates Sedative-hypnotic drug Drugs that induce sleepiness
Mood changes, sleeping more than normal and coma
Rarely used for medical reasons
Used illegally to produce a feeling of intoxication and to counteract the effects of stimulants
Combining with alcohol can be fatal

32. Tranquilizers
Depressants that reduce muscular activity, coordination, and attention span
Relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, sleeplessness, and nervousness
Overuse can lead to physiological and psychological dependance

33. Rohypnol Club Drug Date rape drug
Tablet form and looks like ordinary aspirin
Dissolves in carbonated beverages
The victim will wake up much later with no recollection of what may have happened

34. GHB Gammahydroxy Butyric Acid Has been used in date rape crimes
Clear liquid, a white powder, variety of tablets and capsules
Leaves the blood relatively quickly making it hard to tell if there is an overdose

35. Narcotics
Specific drugs derived from the opium plant that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
Morphine, OxyContin, and Codeine
Morphine and codeine relieve pain by blocking pain messengers in the brain
Cause euphoria, drowsiness, constipation, pinpoint pupils, slow and shallow breathing, convulsions, coma and death
Very addictive, pharmacists are required to keep records of all sales

36. Heroin Highly addictive narcotic
Processed form of morphine that is injected, snorted or smoked
Depresses the CNS and slows breathing and pulse rate
Can cause infection of the heart lining and valves, as well as liver disease
Easily develop tolerance

37. Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell and touch
No medical use
PCP, LSD, Ketamine, and Ecstasy
Overload the sensory controls in the brain
Brain confuses and intensifies sensations and hallucinates
Impair judgment and reasoning
Increase heart and respiratory rates
Effects are extremely unpredictable
Last for several hours or several days

38. PCP Most dangerous of all drugs Effects vary greatly from user to user
Distorted sense of time and space, increase muscle strength and inability to feel pain
Overdose can cause death
Most PCP-related deaths are caused by the destructive behaviors
Flashbacks can occur at any time causing panic, confusion and lack of control

39. LSD Strong hallucinogen
Severe distorted perceptions of sound and color
Higher doses increase the risk of convulsions, coma, heart and lung failure and even death
Affects brain emotional center and distorts reality
Range of emotions = euphoria to deep depression
Frightening range of emotions long after actual use of the drug

40. Ketamine Used for medical purposes, mostly in treating animals
Misused as a club drug
White powder to be snorted or injected
Also smoked with marijuana or tobacco
Causes hallucinations and dreamlike states
Result in death due to respiratory failure
Also known as Special K, Vitamin K, Kit Kat, Cat Valium, and Purple
Legal to use on animals
Many of the same effects as PCP
Most teens choose to experiment with it because the effects typically last only an hour

41. Ecstasy and Other Dangerous Drugs
Designer Drugs
synthetic substances meant to imitate the effects of hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs
Can be several hundreds times stronger than the drugs they are meant to imitate
Ecstasy may give a short-term feeling of euphoria
Often causes confusion, depression, paranoia, psychosis, and even long-term damage to brain cells
Also result in uncontrollable tremors, paralysis, and irreversible brain damage

42. Lesson 5
Living Drug Free

43. Commitment to Be Drug Free
Make a firm and deliberate decision
Be fully committed to refusing them
Steer clear of people who do use drugs and places where drugs may be used
Being drug free means being able to enjoy life and deal with challenges and problems in healthful ways
Shows the strength of your values and demonstrates good character and respect for yourself and others

44. Efforts to Curb Drug Abuse
School Efforts
Drug-free school zones: areas within 1,000 feet of schools and designated signs, within which people caught selling drugs receive especially severe penalties
Drug education classes
Zero tolerance policies
Expulsion of students who are caught using
Community Efforts
Drug watches: organized community efforts by neighborhood residents to patrol, monitor, report and otherwise try to stop drug deals and drug abuse
Choosing Healthy Alternatives

45. Becoming Drug Free Never too late Admitting that there is a problem
Getting help
Overcoming the problem
Individual counseling, support groups, or drug treatment centers

46. Warning Signs of Drug Use
Gets drunk or high regularly, is often hung-over
Lies about the drugs he or she is using or constantly talk about drugs
Stops participating in activities that once were an important part of his or her life
Changes eating or sleeping habits, shows rapid weight loss
Has difficulty concentrating
Takes unnecessary risks or participates in unsafe behaviors
Gets in trouble with authorities, such as school administrators or police
Seems withdrawn, depressed, tired, and cares less about personal grooming and appearance
Has red-rimmed eyes and runny nose not related to cold or allergies
Has “blackouts” and forgets what he or she did while under the influence

47. Getting Help Drug abuse is a treatable condition
Support groups, counseling services and treatment centers
For teens the first step to getting help is to talk to a parent, teacher, school counselor, health care provider or another trusted adult
Toll free hotlines or drug treatment center

48. Treatment Centers Outpatient Drug-Free Treatment Short-Term Treatment
Programs usually do not include medications and often consist of individual or group counseling
Short-Term Treatment
Centers can include residential, medication, and outpatient therapies
Maintenance Therapy
Intended for heroin addicts, this treatment usually includes medication therapy
Therapeutic Communities
Residencies for people with a long history of drug abuse, highly structured programs that usually last from 6 to 12 months