1. Unit One Review Foundations: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE AP World History

3. Paleolithic vs Neolithic Neolithic Rev: 8000 BCE-3000 BCE Hunter GathererAgriculture -Hunter gather -Women role very important -Everybody required -Small bands, authority based on family -Belief in many spirits, not formal religion -Migrations -Africa out to middle east, Europe, Asia -Asia to America (land bridge) -Domesticate animals and develop agriculture -Increase reliable foods supplies -Less nutritious b/c most people each only one or two staples -Stay put -Allow more people to do other stuff- i.e. job specialization -Gender differences -Huge population growth

4. River Valley Civilizations Basic characteristics G Location in river valleys G Complex irrigation G Development of legal codes G System of writing G Use of money G Number systems, calendars G Social inequality: classes G Patriarchal

6. Early River Valley Civilizations G Mesopotamia: cuneiform, powerful kings in city-states, Hammurabi’s code of law, job specialization, merchant class important; Tigris and Euphrates; ziggurats (Temples) G Egypt: hieroglyphics, pharaoh as god, centralized, extensive bureaucracy, fewer merchants, priests have high status; Nile River; conflicts with Kush

7. Early River Valley Civilizations G Indus: complex, centralized, limited information known about them, priests high status (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro) G Shang: (Huang He/Yellow River) writing highly valued, geographic separation from others, centralized power in hands of emperor, job specialization

8. Early Mesoamerica

9. Olmec- 3500-2500 BCE G Two environments & Agricultural methods G Slash and burn agriculture G Irrigation river agriculture G 2 or more crops per year G Maize, beans, squash G Lowland river population became the elite G Chiefdom societies- rulers, elite, crafts-persons G Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable. G Items of trade G Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for nobility) G Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery G 4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers- G Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE G Two environments & Agricultural methods G Slash and burn agriculture G Irrigation river agriculture G 2 or more crops per year G Maize, beans, squash G Lowland river population became the elite G Chiefdom societies- rulers, elite, crafts-persons G Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable. G Items of trade G Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for nobility) G Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery G 4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers- G Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE

10. Development of trade routes G Silk Road (blue) G Indian Ocean (green) G Sub-Saharan (red)

11. UNIT 2: THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 600 BCE – 600 CE

12. Classical Civilizations: Basic Characteristics G Patriarchal G Agriculture Based G Complex gov’t, Larger areas G Expanded trading

13. Classical Civilizations: Greece G 1 st Democracy G Polytheist G Divided into city-states (not centralized) G Slavery widely practiced G Strong military G Alexander the Great: Hellenistic age G Conquered by Romans

14. Classical Civilizations: Rome G For the most part conquer but don’t oppress G Impressive roman law code G Basic social divisions: patricians-aristocrats and plebeians-free farmers G Dependence on slavery G Leads to little technological innovation/development G Three eras: G Monarchy G Republic: rule by aristocrats, Senate G Empire: non-hereditary emperor

15. Greek and Roman Economy G Greece G Agriculture based economy, but rocky terrain forced them to rely heavily on imports and trade G Slave labor - caused decrease in scientific innovations because they provided cheap labor G Greece G Agriculture based economy, but rocky terrain forced them to rely heavily on imports and trade G Slave labor - caused decrease in scientific innovations because they provided cheap labor G Rome G Agrarian/Slave Based Economy G Crops: Grains, Olives, Grapes G Trade throughout empire G Crops as taxes G Some small manufacturing - tools/weapons/textiles G Heavily reliant on imports

16. Classical Civilizations: China G Highly patriarchal, social divide urban/rural, silk road develops but merchants low class, bureaucracy, wealth based on land ownership G Zhou: slowly deteriorated; Period of Warring States, Confucianism and Daoism developed to restore stability G Qin: very harsh, Legalism, construction of Great wall; Shi Huangdi G Han: strong centralized gov’t, great influence of Confucian, scholar-gentry

17. Classical Chinese Philosophies G Confucianism - based on proper social order and relationships (ruler/subject; father/son; brother/brother; friend/friend; husband/wife); good people lead to good government; focus on family G Legalism - powerful and efficient governments will re-establish order (Qin dynasty) G Daoism/Taoism - focus on the Dao (“the way”); focus attention on nature and surroundings in order to remove onself from corruption G Confucianism - based on proper social order and relationships (ruler/subject; father/son; brother/brother; friend/friend; husband/wife); good people lead to good government; focus on family G Legalism - powerful and efficient governments will re-establish order (Qin dynasty) G Daoism/Taoism - focus on the Dao (“the way”); focus attention on nature and surroundings in order to remove onself from corruption

18. Classical Civilizations: India G Invaded by Aryans G Hinduism based on books Vedas G Caste System- much harsher, rigid than other class systems at the time G Connections to Silk Road and Indian ocean trade G Lack of political unity; easily invaded; hard to conquer and unite small kingdoms; tends not to be centralized or unified G Mauryan: Buddhist, bureaucratic, public works ; decline b/c land returned to locals (Chandragupta; Ashoka) G Gupta: Hinduism, allow local control and administration not bureaucratic; fall to invaders, rule returned to locals G Decentralization allows fall not to be as drastic as others

20. Classical Civilizations: The Fall G Similarities: G Attacks from Huns G Deterioration of political institutions G Protection maintenance of borders- costly, ineffective G Disease followed trade routes G Trouble collecting taxes, controlling landowners G Differences: G India regional gov’t broke apart G Rome gradual, east stayed up (Byzantine) G Order least impact to greatest: G India: still had caste system, regional gov’t G China: Confucian tradition, problems w/ central power gone G Rome: civilization depended on gov’t to keep together, organized

21. Common results for fall G Disruption of trade G Internal AND external problems G Reliance on religion to organize people G Spread of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam G Political disunity G Feudal societies develop