1. AP USH C. 3
ENGLAND DISCOVERS THE VALUE OF ITS COLONIES: EMPIRE, LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION

2. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT COLONIAL WOMEN
Because of the distance between England and the American colonies, England adopted the policy of salutary neglect.
As a result the colonies were left to govern themselves.
Colonies created governments based on English tradition.
Limited Government (Magna Carta, Petition of Right and English Bill of Rights)--John Locke—natural rights and social contract theory.
Parliament
Every colony had a governor.
In self-governing colonies they were elected.
In all other colonies they appointed by the King.
Every colony by 1740 had a colonial legislature. Most all were bicameral. (Pa. was the exception).
Assembly—elected by the landowners. Made colonial laws, appropriated money, passed local tax laws and paid the governor’s salary.
Council– members were chosen by the governor or King, gave advice to governor.
COLONIAL WOMEN
By law and custom women were considered 2nd class citizens.
They were technically under the control of their husband or father.
In America they did have more opportunities than women in England.
Under some circumstances they could operate businesses and own property.

3. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
European scientific revolution beginning in the mid-1600s, that finally reached the colonies in the early 1700s.
Copernicus—sun centered system. (overthrew the earth centered belief)
Newton—theory of gravity—established a mechanistic view of the universe. Universe governed by natural law
—Analogy—all human relations: politics, economics and society could be explained by natural law. (grasped by human reason and explained by mathematics).
Economics –Law of supply and demand—Adam Smith
Politics—natural rights– John Locke, Jean Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes
Society—all environmental, born with a “blank slate” , gain knowledge through experience. To improve both society and human nature was by the application of reason.—John Locke
Reason—highest virtue

4. ENLIGHTENMENT IN AMERICA
Because the America people were not as tied to tradition as Europe. The Enlightenment had a welcome audience in the colonies. Much of American life was already based on experimentation, observation and the trying of new ideas.
Enlightenment figures:
John Tillotson —morality over “dogma”—heavily influenced Harvard.
Peter Zenger —”New York Weekly” Freedom of Press, (rise of a free press)
Ben Franklin– the American epitome of the Enlightenment
Printer—age 24 “The Pennsylvania Gazette” (Saturday Evening Post)
“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
American Colonization Society
Public library, fire department, Fire Insurance Co.,
University of Pennsylvania, American Philosophical Society, Advancements in eye care (bifocal lenses), meteorology (weather station), physics (speculations on electricity).
Invented the Franklin Stove, the lightning rod, glass harmonica.
Albany Plan of Union, Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Alliance, Treaty of Paris 1783, and the Constitution.

5. ENLIGHTENMENT CONTINUED
Benjamin Rush—scientific medicine
David Rittenhouse—Orrery
John Bartram-- scientific method
GREAT AWAKENING
While many were caught in expanding their knowledge of science, many others were caught in a burst of religious enthusiasm known as the Great Awakening.
1720s-1760s
Declining church attendance.
Decay of family authority
Dishonest business practices.
Increase in swearing, lying, cussing and staying out late.
Congregationalist minister—Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”—members needed the fear of God put back into them.
“Revival meetings” were held, and charismatic preachers from England came to America to lead this “Awakening”.

6. 17th and 18th Centuries overview
1600—England was very weak with no colonies.
1700—England was a global giant with 20 colonies in North America, the West Indies and Asia with important overseas trade routes.
1600 and 1700s were marked with Civil Wars, political upheaval and religious change. Resulting in a Constitutional Monarchy.
Representative government was taken for granted in both England and her colonies. It was assumed colonies would have elected assemblies that could tax, control colonial spending and make local laws.
Parliament had full control over the colonies, but, in practice, rarely regulated anything except trade.
1600 and 1700s saw Spain continue a policy of missionary work and exploitation of the Indians.
And the French were engaged in the fur trade in the Great Lakes and Gulf region and sugar production in their West Indies possessions.

7. THE COLONIAL DIFFERENCES 1700
Most pronounced differences were in life expectancy, gender ratio, and family structure.
1 .LIFE EXPECTANCY AND POLITICAL CONTROL
About 40—2/10 kids adulthood about 45-- >3/ s—8/10
Young men ruled Young Men Grandfathers ruled
2. LABOR, RELIGION, AND EDUCATION
Large slave populations S—Large black minority Small black population
Maj Pa.,Md,--N. Eur/Eng min Mostly English
***Regions that relied heavily on cash crops had large black populations
Religiously indifferent Nominal Anglicans Strict Puritanism
Quaker and Catholics Baptists
Few ministers Some preachers Public support clergy
Tutors Little education Public education
CARIBBEAN, AND
SOUTHERN
COLONIES
CHESAPEAKE,
MIDDLE ATLANTIC
COLONIES
NEW
ENGLAND
COLONIES

8. DIFFERENCES CONTINUED
SOUTHERN/CARIBBEAN CHESAPEAKE NEW ENGLAND
3. LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS
Parish courts County Courts and Parish Town meetings
Royal governors Proprietary leaders Elected leaders
4. UNIFYING TRENDS: LANGUAGE, WAR,
LAW AND INHERITANCE
1. Predominantly “London” English spoken but with large enclaves of German. (Especially Middle Atlantic)
2. War fought with volunteer soldiers (militias) instead of conscripts.
3. Colonial law based on simple English “Common Law”.
4. Some inheritance laws allowed women to own some types of property.
5. And primogeniture was not strictly enforced in many colonies.
THE BEGINNINGS OF EMPIRE
1640s—Due to the English Civil Wars there was no effective control of the American colonies.
DURING THIS PERIOD:
Indians resisted settlers, settlers short on muskets and ammunition.
Successful Indian raids in New Netherlands, Md. Va. And NC, SC

9. ENGLAND “DISCOVERS” THE COLONIES
New England escaped Indian attack because of:
Creation of New England Confederacy— defense alliance between NE colonies
ENGLAND “DISCOVERS” THE COLONIES
From 1651 on, Mercantilism was adopted by England.
1. From 1659 England’s power was based on the strength of their economy.
2. The Crown must completely control commerce.
Control trade
English favored regulated trade and economic policies.
Create colonies
3. Create economic monopolies
4. General belief held that trade is virtuous: makes countries interdependent, reduces the risk of war and creates unending progress
Navigation Acts: (aimed at Dutch competition)
1651—Imported goods had to be shipped on English-owned ships
Prohibited foreign (colonial) vessels from going to one British port to another.
Angered NE merchants involved in West Indies trade. Eventually England ignored the trade rules.
Restoration period—England extended Navigation Acts.
Navigation Acts 1660.
All colonial trade carried on English owned ships.
Boat captain and 75% of crew English.
All enumerated items had to be shipped to England first before being shipped to other destinations.
Colonists could ship non-enumerated goods anywhere.
Plantation Duty Act 1673—colonial shippers post bond guaranteeing that they were obeying enumerated goods law.

10. Wheat, fish, corn not enumerated—could be sold anywhere as long as the other laws were followed.
All cash crops were enumerated: indigo, sugar cane, rice, naval stores, tobacco, cotton, etc.—had to be sold to English merchants.
English manufacturers could only purchase enumerated goods from English colonies.
Manufacturing was illegal in the colonies—iron forges, textile mills, clothiers, rum, etc.
England produced the finished product—colonies supplied the raw materials—all benefitted and no gold was leaving the Br. Empire.

11. COLONIAL EFFECTS ON THE INDIANS
1660s--Coastal tribes had been devastated by disease.
Indian Wars were fought to gain captives to replace lost tribe members
Iroquois—”mourning wars”
Indian culture changed by
Knives, guns, liquor.
Frontier settlements depended on the Indian trade.
Puritan Mission Indians 1640s.
Attempt to bring protestant beliefs into the tribal structure “praying Indians”.—Thomas Mayhews Jr. / Sr., and John Eliot
1675, 2,300 Indians had converted or in the process of conversion to Christianity.
King Philip’s War (Metacom)
(Wampanoag) Indian sachem. Resisted Christianity.
1675 war broke out in Plymouth settlement.
Settlers attack Narragansetts “Great Swamp Fight” Dec. 1675
Conflict very bloody with hostilities on both sides.
Settlers demanded death to all Indians colonial alliance with Mohawks destroyed Metacom’s alliance. 100s killed or sold into slavery.

12. LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA 1680-1720
Northeast–
Most people lived in towns or villages near the coast line.
Most were farmers but since arable land was scarce many became “day laborers”. Regardless their lives were connected to shippers.
The merchant class ruled and displayed their wealth.
NY, Philadelphia and Boston had “Alms Houses” for the poor.
There was upward mobility “Yankee Ingenuity”
South—
Most people lived on isolated farms and used the broad slow-moving rivers as transportation. Strangers were welcome--”Southern Hospitality.”
Women and children worked with the men on the farm, but a woman was also the doctor, the mender of clothes, cooked, took care of the children. Normally married by 13, she would have 10 children (2-3 would survive to adulthood), died in her 30s.

13. SOUTH—(DEEP SOUTH AND CHESAPEAKE) Southern hierarchy:
Great Planter “FFV”
free landowning farmer (yeoman)
Landless whites
Indentured servants
Indians
Slaves
AFRICAN SLAVERY “Peculiar Institution”
Virginia 1619
Why?
1. Indians—disease, run away, start Indian Wars, not good workers.
2. Indentures—became your competition, limited time period.
3. African slaves- knew farming, had immunity to European diseases, no where to run, lifetime.
4. By 1750 all colonies practiced slavery.

14. SLAVE LIFE SLAVE PSYCHOLOGY Capture “Middle Passage” Slave auction
Plantation life
Field hand
House slave
Skilled slave
Slave Revolts
NY City 1712
Stono Rebellion 1739
Slave Codes

15. DOCTORS, LAWYERS AND CLERGYMEN
poorly trained, low esteem
1st Medical school 1765
Popular remedy—”leeching”
If no doctor close—called a barber.
Medical breakthrough:
1721—Cotton Mather Small pox vaccine
Epidemics: Diphtheria 1730s
Lawyers—
“noisy windbags, trouble-makers, rogues,
drunkards and brothel-keepers”
st Law School opened
1760s respected: James Otis, John Adams,
Patrick Henry.

16. By 1720 there were two state supported religions in the colonies:
CLERGY—
Despite the fact most colonists did not attend church, the Clergy was the most respected profession.
By 1720 there were two state supported religions in the colonies:
Anglican—(Ga., SC, NC, Va., Md., NJ, NY)
Congregationalist (Ma., NH, Ct.)
Leading clergymen of the period: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, John Wesley.
EAST-WEST DISPUTES--1670s
Many of the colonies had a problem between coastal settlements and frontier settlements.—”East-West” Disputes
There was economic jealousy, political jealousy and charges of favoritism.
“ BACON’S REBELLION 1676”
1675—Doegs v. Va. and Md. militia over broken promises.
1676– Va. Militia under John Washington attacked
Susquehannock fort killing dozens.
Indians responded by killing 30 Va. frontier settlers.
Gov. Berkeley, against the wishes of the Va. Backcountry, ordered the building of a string of forts as defense against the Indians. The frontier people wanted to attack.
Gov. Berkeley suspended the fur trade except for a few privileged traders.
Gov. Berkeley ordered a tax increase on frontier land to pay for the forts.

17. Bacon then slipped away, reformed his army and marched on Jamestown.
1676--Nathaniel Bacon—cousin of the Governor, plantation owner, fur trader and trouble-maker. He had been denied a fur-trapping permit by the Governor.
One of Bacon’s workers had been killed in the Indian raids.
Bacon formed an army and massacred a local tribe in retaliation.
Gov. Berkeley declared Bacon an outlaw and was told to disband his army..
Regardless, the frontier voters chose Bacon to represent them in the House of Burgesses.
Upon arrival in Jamestown, Berkeley had Bacon arrested, and forced him to apologize to the Governor for what he had done.
Bacon then slipped away, reformed his army and marched on Jamestown.
Berkeley retreated in fear to the coast. Bacon took control of the government. After a couple of failed attempts by Berkeley to regain control,
Bacon burned Jamestown and proclaimed he was going to create the Republic of the Chesapeake. In Oct Bacon died of dysentery.
This was the largest rebellion in colonial history until 1775.

18. Change in English politics, Dominion of New England and the Glorious Revolution
1670s –Popish Plot led to the formation of political parties in England. (assassination of King Charles II)—Titus Oakes
Whigs—favored the “common” man, representative government, and religious toleration for protestants and a decentralized army. They were viewed as anti-king.
Tories—favored a powerful monarchy, legitimate succession to the throne, no religious toleration and a strong standing army.
King Charles died in 1684 and the Duke of York, James II became King. He was hated by the Whigs.
In the colonies, he put Edmond Andros in charge of the Dominion of New England. Andros was to govern it like the NY colony had been governed.
In England, James granted religious tolerance to Catholics.
1688 James had a son that was being raised Catholic.
Whigs invited William of Orange to England (Nov. 1688) to overthrow James.
James fled to France—Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary –Bill of Rights (1689)
Only Parliament pass taxes, freedom of speech, press
no standing army in peacetime, right to bear arms, no Catholic kings
No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines.
Revoked Lord Baltimore’s Charter, Md. Became a Royal Colony.

19. FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 1680-1748
CAUSES OF RIVALRY
King William’s War (War of the League of Augsburg)
French coureur de bois, Indian Allies v. NY and Mass militia—Schenectady, NY and Deerfield, Mass.
In the South—Spain raided coastal settlements in Ga., SC.
Br. Troops captured Port Royal, Acadia
Treaty of Ryswick “status quo”
Queen Anne’s War (War of Spanish Succession) France and Spain v. England and Prussia
England captured Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region and St. Augustine.
Treaty of Utrecht
French Acadians moved by force to bayous of Louisiana—”Cajuns”– EVANGELINE by William Wadsworth Longfellow

20. RIVALRIES CONTINUED
King George’s War (War of Jenkins’ Ear, War of Austrian Succession)
France, Prussia and Spain v. England, Austria
Colonists invaded New France, captured Ft. Louisborg and Cape Breton Island.
Colonists captured Florida and Cuba
But France and her allies won in Europe.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle
HALF-WAY COVENANT AND
THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
“Jeremiads”
Half-Way Covenant
Salem Hysteria
1692 “Witch Hunt”
Causes
1693 Ended

21. This Awakening created a rivalry within churches.
Traditional churches became more lenient, “do everything to get people back to church” movement, even if it means “watering” down religion (Old Lights)
The new “hellfire and damnation” theatrical preaching of the (New Lights)”.
New Light revivals led by George Whitefield. Encouraged a “come-one, come-all” spirit.
Religious toleration increased, sectional differences decreased.
New protestant denominations appeared and challenged the older more established sects.
Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians.
The rural regions of the South and Middle Atlantic became the most inspired by the Great Awakening.

22. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Statistical Comparison between English and French colonies 1750:
Population:
Troop strength:
Indian Allies:
The start of the war:
Governor of New France—Marquis Duquesne de Menneville,
forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio River and beyond.—1751
1753 Lt. Gov. Va. Lord Fairfax—George Washington to survey part of the “Ohio Territory” for land speculation.
French building Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh).
ALBANY CONGRESS—1754
Purpose:
Result:
July 1754—George Washington > inform the French they were trespassing on Va. Soil. When he arrived the fort was almost complete. Quickly Washington built Ft. Necessity and attacked Ft. Duquesne.
He lost—this started the French and Indian War

23. The war: 7 Years’ War—Eng., Prussia v. Fr, Sp.
Russia, Holland and Austria
the French were winning.
“Guerilla Warfare”
1755--Force of 1400, William Braddock, and colonial militia to capture Ft. Duquesne.
900 were killed or captured.
The war turned England’s way when William Pitt was chosen as Prime Minister of Parliament.
Blockade of European coastline.
Launch a pre-emptive strike against Spain.
Attack New France
1759 Battle of Quebec
Gen James Wolfe v. Gen. Louis Montcalm
“Plains of Abraham”
1759 Battle of Montreal
1761 Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines
1763 Treaty of Paris

24. RESULTS OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
TREATY OF PARIS 1763
1. Internal problems in Parliament
William Pitt’s resignation
De Facto PM Lord Bute
Election of George Grenville
1st Wilkes Affair
2. Anti-American resentment in England
3. War Debt
4. Pontiac’s Rebellion
5. Proclamation of 1763
6. Sugar Act