1. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy- the study of body structure; the names of body parts Gross Anatomy- general body structures that can be seen with the naked eye Microscopic anatomy- small and requires a microscope Cytology- study of cells Histology- study of tissues

2. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Physiology--study of the functions of the body parts Relationship between anatomy and physiology – The structures (anatomy) determine what functions (physiology) take – Example: Nerve cells are long and thin (structure) to conduct messages (function)

3. Structure always determines function Cells of your body

4. Levels of Structural Organization Atoms  molecules  organelles Cells--the basic unit of life

5. Levels of Structural Organization Tissues--groups of similar cells working together – epithelial tissue--covers the surface of the body and lines the cavities – nervous tissue--forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves – connective tissue--used for support (bones and and cartilage), for the attachment of other tissues (tendons, ligaments, and fascia), or for other specialized functions (blood) – muscle tissue--moves parts attached to it; skeletal, smooth, cardiac

6. Levels of Structural Organization Organs--groups of similar tissues working together

7. Levels of Structural Organization Organ Systems--organs working together to perform a specific body function – integumentary--protects internal body structures against injury and foreign substances; prevents fluid loss; important in temperature regulation – skeletal--supports and protects soft tissues and organs; provides framework; attachments for muscles; produces blood cells

8. Levels of Structural Organization – muscular--moves body and its parts; maintenance of posture; production of body heat – nervous--controls and integrates body activities; responsible for "higher functions" such as thought and reasoning – endocrine--regulates body metabolism – cardiovascular--transports materials between different cells and tissues

9. Levels of Structural Organization – immune--protects the body against infection and invasion – respiratory--provides for the intake and output of air, as well as the exchange of gases – digestive--supplies body with substance (food) from which energy is derived; transports wastes from the body – urinary--filters wastes from the blood; helps maintain water and electrolyte balance – reproductive--produces gametes; continues the species

10. Organism- The sum total of all structural levels working in unison Levels of Structural Organization

11. Group Brainstorm As a group see if you can come up with all the LIFE FUNCTIONS of our body Write on a piece of white paper Share with class What does the human body NEED to SURVIVE? (should be 5 of these) – Write these on the other side of your white paper – Beside of each, connect this to one of the life functions – Share

12. Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries – “inside” remains distinct from “outside”; cells have cell membrane, body has skin Movement – muscular system and movement of substances through internal organs Responsiveness – sense and respond to changes in the environment; nervous system Digestion – breakdown and delivery of nutrients to the body

13. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism- all chemical reactions within the body – Breaking down and building (synthesis) of new molecules – depends on the digestive and respiratory systems Excretion – elimination of waste from metabolic reactions – Involves digestive, urinary, and respiratory system. Reproduction – production of offspring (requires sperm and egg) – cellular reproduction (mitosis) - produces identical cells for growth or repair Growth – increasing of cell size and number

14. Survival Needs Nutrients (food)- chemicals used for energy and cell building Oxygen required for chemical reactions (cellular respiration) that release energy from food Water – makes up 60-80% of our body weight, fluid base for secretions and excretions, watery environment necessary for metabolic reactions

15. Survival Needs Body Temperature - around 98°F – if body temperature is too high, proteins break down and chemical reactions do not take place Atmospheric Pressure – Needed for exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) in lungs – At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is thinner making gas exchange more difficult.

16. Ticket Out the Door 1. Place the following in the correct order: – Cells – Atom – Organ system – Organ – Organism – tissues – Molecules – organelles 2.Which body system? a.Filters wastes from blood b.Transports nutrients c.Breaks down food d.Defends against antigens e.Makes gametes f.Produces red blood cells g.Contracts to produce movement h.Gas exchange i.Controls all body systems j.Has glands that release hormones k.Thermoregulation, sensory, protection from environment

17. Question of the Week- How do you get rid of an ingrown hair? In order to get rid of ingrown hairs you want to remove the hair from growing back in on itself. You can do this by gently exfoliating areas where you are likely to get ingrown hairs, your face, legs, thighs, etc. For an already painful ingrown hair, you can get rid of ingrown hair bumps by tweezing out the perpetrating hair with a tweezer. After tweezing the hair, you should apply rubbing alcohol and some antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. If already infected apply a warm compress- keep doing this until you can get some of the pus out

18. Question of the Week: Why does the feeling of being hugged relieve stress?

19. Question of the Week: Why does the feeling of being hugged relieve stress? Source: Web MD Austistic kids sleep with weighted blankets Deep Touch Pressure works on the principle of applying weight or pressure to provide proprioceptive input which calms and modulates the central nervous system which aids the processing of sensory information (Grandin 1992, McClure & Holtz-Yotz 1991). This calming and organising has the effect of making the child feel more grounded and lowers the state of arousal. Special dog vests that relieve stress for dogs while traveling (pressure redirects their focus) – “More good news from the annals of affection: Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill recently found that holding hands and hugging can measurably reduce stress. Fifty couples were asked to hold hands for 10 minutes, then hug for 20 seconds. A second group of 85 people rested quietly, not touching their significant others. Researchers then asked people in both groups to talk about a past event that left them angry or anxious. Those who hadn't cuddled before revisiting the past exhibited signs of elevated heart rate and blood pressure. But couples who had hugged and held hands weren't nearly as ruffled. "The gentle pressure of a hug can stimulate nerve endings under the skin that send calming messages to the brain and slow the release of cortisol," explains Tiffany Field, Ph.D., director of the University of Miami Medical School's Touch Research Institute. And if your honey isn't on hand? Field says other studies have found that a hug from a friend or a professional massage can also help banish tension.”

20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIpdl11Kx yo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIpdl11Kx yo Homeostasis video

21. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium – maintained for normal body functioning – involves nervous and endocrine systems – Imbalance of homeostasis results in disease A stimulus (stress) is something that disrupts homeostasis

22. Homeostasis Three components of a feedback system: – Receptor- senses and responds to changes (sends message to control center) – Control Center- (usually spinal cord, brain or endocrine organ) Assesses changes and produces a response determines set point (normal levels) Effector- body structure which receives the message from control center and produces a change or response

23. Homeostasis Feedback Mechanisms – Negative feedback- reduce or stop the original stimulus includes most homeostatic control systems works like a household thermostat example: blood sugar levels

24. Sugar Regulation- A negative feedback example

25. Homeostasis – Positive Feedback- increases the original stimulus Examples: blood clotting

26. Click to enlarge Click to enlarge Engineered Room ControlFeedback Loop Human Body Thermoregula- tion Room Temperature Variable The characteristic that is controlled Body temperature Thermometer Sensor Detects the value of the variable Nerve receptors Thermostat Integrator Compares the actual value of the variable to a pre- determined setpoint value Brain (hypothalamus) Furnace Effector Instrument that has an effect on (changes) the variable Muscles (shivering

27. Homeostasis Review When we exercise our muscles give off carbon dioxide as a waste product. This increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Receptors in the carotid arteries sense the change in carbon dioxide and send a message to the brain. The brain will stimulate the lungs to increase respiration. This will lower the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Identify the : RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER: EFFECTOR

28. Homeostasis Review In the example of blood pressure increasing, receptors in the carotid arteries detect the change in blood pressure and send a message to thebrain. The brain will cause the heart to beat slower and thus decrease the blood pressure. Decreasing heart rate has a negative effect on blood pressure. Identify the : RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER: EFFECTOR

29. Complete pg. 1E Regional terms

30. Body components

31. Language of Anatomy Special terminology used to prevent misunderstanding where exact terms are used for; position, direction, regions and structures – Examples: Directional terms- superior means toward the head end Regional Terms- brachial refers to the arm Anatomical position- body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.

32. Anatomy Directional Terms TermDefinitionExample Superior (cranial) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above The belly button is superior to the knees. Inferior(caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below The nose is inferior to the forehead. Anterior(ventral) Toward or at the front of the body; in front of The breastbone is anterior to the spine. Posterior(dorsal) Toward or at the back of the body; behind The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus.

33. Anatomy Directional Terms Medial Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of The heart is medial to the arm. Intermediate Structure located between more medial and lateral structures. The collarbone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder. Lateral Away from the mid-line of body; on the outer side of The ribs are lateral to the breastbone. Proximal Nearest the trunk, or closest to attachment of a limb to the body. The knee is proximal to the foot. Distal Farther from the origin of the body (trunk) or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. The wrist is distal to the elbow.

34. Superficial Toward or at the body surface The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. Deep Away from the body surface; more internal The lungs are deep to the skin. Regional Term Review http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP15405

35. The wrist is ________ to the hand. The breastbone is ________ to the spine. The brain is _______ to the spinal cord. The lungs are _______ to the heart. The ankle is ________ to the knee. Directional Terms: Proximal distalmedial lateralanterior posterior Superior inferior

36. Body Planes and Sections Sagittal - lengthwise cut dividing the body into right and left parts Frontal – lengthwise cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse- horizontal cut that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts, also called a cross-section

37. Dorsal Body Cavity includes: – Cranial cavity- space encased by the skull – Spinal cavity- runs within the vertebral column

38. Ventral Body Cavity includes: – Thoracic Cavity- includes lungs, heart, and is protected by the rib cage (ends at diaphragm) – Abdominopelvic Cavity- stomach, liver, intestines. This cavity can be broken into six distinctive regions: – Pelvic Cavity- includes reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

39. Body components

40. Question of the Week What is the difference between cataract surgery and lasik eye surgery?

41. Flashcard Warm-up 1/31 #11 #11 Dorsal Body and Ventral Body Cavities Use your notes to explain these two cavities and the structures they would contain

42. Question of the Week Why do we have a hole in the heart when we are born? Called a Patent Formen Ovale 1 in 5 adults have this, some people never experience any symptoms PFO is present in everyone before birth but seals shut in about 80 percent of people. A PFO is congenital, meaning it is a defect that is inborn or exists at birth. Stated another way, the defect is an abnormality, not a disease. The septum between the two atrium of the heart developed normally before birth but the flap did not seal completely after birth.

43. Test Review With partner take turns EXPLAINING the following to each other Difference between anatomy and physiology Survival needs Life functions and which body systems they are associated with Homeostasis- positive and negative feedback, parts of a homeostasis feedback loop Anatomical position Body planes Regional terms Directional terms

44. http://freezeray.com/biology.htm – Drag and drop to use with promethean

45. ANATOMY Get Body Smart (8-12) http://www.getbodysmart.com An Online Examination of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Visually Learn About the Human Body Using Our Interactive "Flash" Animations http://www.getbodysmart.com Inner Learning Online (9-12) http://www.innerbody.com Welcome to inner exploration of Human Anatomy. Each topic has animations, 100’s of graphics, and thousands of descriptive links. http://www.innerbody.com Inside the Brain - An Interactive Tour (6-12) http://www.alz.org/brain/overview.asp http://www.alz.org/brain/overview.asp The Heart: An Online Exploration. (4/5-12) www.fi.edu/biosci/heart.html This site was developed by the Franklin Institute of Science Museum. It is an interactive museum exhibit devoted to the heart. Included are statistics, resource materials, enrichment activities and a brief glossary. Neuroscience for Kids (K-8 http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html) This site is designed to help students learn more about the nervous system. It also includes links with information on the brain, spinal cord, the neuron, the senses, and other related topics. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html Science & Nature’s Mind & Body (6-12) http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/index_interactivebody.shtml This site, from the UK, has numerous interactive sites and pages related to the human body and mind. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/index_interactivebody.shtml FreezeRay (4-12) http://freezeray.com/index.html This site offers a growing bank of imaginative, highly visual teaching-aids developed for use with interactive whiteboards in schools. The resources are designed to be used as rich sources of visually stimulating material, making use of both animations and drag and drop interactivity. http://freezeray.com/index.html Human Body Lesson Plans from Discovery.com http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/body.html http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/body.html Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology from Get Body Smart (need Flash Player) http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/nervoussystem/menu/menu.html http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/nervoussystem/menu/menu.html Virtual Body (K-12) http://medtropolis.com/Vbody.asp This site contains a collection of interactive presentations on the functions of the brain, the digestive system, the heart, and the skeleton of the human body. http://medtropolis.com/Vbody.asp Virtual Brain Tour (6-12) http://suhep.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/MM/brain/brain.html http://suhep.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/MM/brain/brain.html Virtual Dissections, Labs and Field Trips (9-12) http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/virtual.php This site has activities related to Biology and Health http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/virtual.php