1. Describe what you see in this drawing.

2. Chapter Focus 2
Objectives
explain how tools, language, clothing, and the discovery of fire helped early people advance. 
summarize what Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons were like. 
describe how people changed from food gatherers to food producers. 
discuss why specialization, government, and religion were important in Neolithic societies.
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Chapter Focus 4
Why It’s Important
The period of time before the invention of writing is called prehistory.
It lasted until about five thousand years ago, when people learned how to write.
civilization–a time when people progressed culturally and began to live in cities.
Archaeologists believe people lived on Earth for millions of years
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4. Section 1-1 Scientists’ call the Paleolithic Age the Old Stone Age.
It lasted from about 2.3 million years, until 10,000 years ago.
No written records during this time but scientists still have uncovered a great deal 
Ocean water froze into huge glaciers that spread from the north and south poles.
sea level fell and uncovered land that was under water. Land bridges connected Africa to Southern Europe and Southwest Asia
1.75 mil years ago people lived only on the grasslands of eastern and southern Africa. 
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5. Section 1-2 Earth’s climate changed:
The Paleolithic Age (cont.)
Earth’s climate changed:
people were able to migrate, or make their way, around the desert of northern Africa and across land bridges
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6. Section 1-3
Obtaining Food
Paleolithic people lived in small bands, or groups, of about 30 members. 
The people within a group lived and worked together and shared their food. 
Each band searched for food within an area known as its home territory. 
Women and children gathered berries, nuts, fruit, and eggs out of bird and turtle nests. 
Men of the group hunted
Bands: food supply was good band was +50.
people lived to years of age…Why?
more than 50% children died of illness or killed by animals before 1st bday
Home Territory: 2 square miles per member
Men caught fish using bare hands or killed an animal that was too young, too old, or too hurt to run away
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7. Section 1-4
Making Tools
Life for hunters and gatherers became easier when they learned to make tools. 
The earliest shaped stones are known as Olduvan pebble tools, named after the Olduvai Gorge in eastern Africa where they were first discovered. 
Later, people learned to knock long, sharp-edged chips called flakes from stones and use them as tools.
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8. Section 1-5
Making Fire
People also learned to make fire during the Paleolithic Age. 
People used fire … 
to keep themselves warm and dry. 
as a weapon, throwing burning sticks of wood at animals to drive them away. 
to clear out brush and undergrowth. 
to cook food.
Created sparks by rubbing tow sticks together or rapidly turning a stick in a hole of a dry log
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9. Section 1-6 Early people usually camped out in the open. 
Seeking Shelter
Early people usually camped out in the open. 
Caves were initially used for only emergencies but eventually most early people called caves their homes
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10. Section 1-7 Hunters killed large animals for protection and warmth. 
Making Clothing
Hunters killed large animals for protection and warmth. 
people wrapped the skins around themselves. 
Later, they learned how to fasten the skins together. 
New clothing protected them which allowed them to move to cooler locations
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11. Section 1-8 They didn’t speak to each other using words
Developing Language
They didn’t speak to each other using words
Made sounds, pointed or used hand signals to communicate. 
The development of language was a great human achievement. 
It made it possible for people to work together, share ideas, and pass on their beliefs and stories.
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12. Section 1-9
The Neanderthals
The first people on Earth are known as Homo habilis, or “skillful man.” 
Next came Homo erectus, or “man who walks upright.” 
Then, between about 300,000 and 200,000 years ago, came Homo sapiens, or “man who thinks.” 
There are two kinds of Homo sapiens.
1. Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon 
The first is the Neanderthal, named after the Neander River in Germany where their remains were first discovered in 1856.
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13. Please describe what you see and where this piece of art was found.

14. Section 1-10
The Neanderthals (cont.)
Neanderthal people were good hunters, using pitfalls (large hole that was covered with branches and leaves) to catch large animals like the rhinoceros and the elephant. 
In northern areas, they made houses by covering a framework of mammoth bones with animal skins. Up to 30 people would live in this house.
According to experts, Neanderthals were also the first people to bury their dead.
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15. Define: PREHISTORY

16. Section 1-11
The Cro-Magnons
The second kind of Homo sapiens are the Cro-Magnons, named after a rock shelter in France where their remains were first discovered in 
Archaeologists consider them the first modern human beings. 
Cro-Magnons were very skilled toolmakers and they invented the burin, which resembles a chisel. 
Using new tools made Cro-Magnons better hunters, thus increasing their food supply.
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17. Section 1-12
The Cro-Magnons (cont.)
Another important tool that Cro-Magnons invented was the axe, which they used to cut down trees and hollow out logs to make canoes. 
Cro-Magnons also fashioned bone, ivory, and shell into body ornaments, such as necklaces and rings. 
They covered the walls of some caves in western Europe, Africa, and South America with pictures painted brightly with paints made from minerals.
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18. Section 1-13
The Cro-Magnons (cont.)
Many anthropologists think cave paintings may have had religious significance. 
Cro-Magnon bands cooperated, often hunting large animals together. 
This required them to jointly agree on rules and the first true leaders.
Held social gatherings to discuss movements of animals. Also traded material such as amber and shells
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19. Section 2-1
The Neolithic Age
In the Neolithic, or New Stone, Age about 8000 B.C., people changed from food gatherers to food producers. 
Over several thousand years they began to obtain most of their food from farming. 
This brought about such great changes in the way they lived that experts call the beginning of farming the Neolithic Revolution.
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20. Section 2-2
Farmers and Herders
Two important discoveries brought on the Neolithic Revolution. 
One was learning to grow food
It is thought they learned this by seeing spilled grain create new shoots. 
The other was learning to herd animals. 
Agriculture developed differently in different areas. (i.e. Mexico = corn, East Asia = Rice 
People probably learned they could herd animals when a hunting band built fences to enclose a herd of wild animals they had chased into a ravine.
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21. Section 2-3
Farmers and Herders (cont.)
Soon captured animals began to lose their fear of people and became domesticated, or tamed, and the hunters became herders.
Began using pack animals such as donkeys and mules
The Neolithic Revolution greatly increased people's food supply. 
With more food available, the population, or number of people, began to grow.
8000B.C. = 4mil people
4000B.C. = 90mil people
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22. Section 2-4
Early Villages
Once people began to produce food, they were able to settle in one place.
people lived in area with good soil and water supply
The earliest known villages in the world have been found in southwestern Asia. 
3 of the oldest villages:
Jericho in present-day Israel 8000 B.C.
Abu Hureyra in present-day Syria, 500 years later. 
Catal Huyuk in present day Turkey
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23. Section 2-5
Early Villages (cont.)
Archaeologists know a great deal about Catal Hüyük because it was struck by a fire that blackened rather than destroyed wooden and cloth objects. 
Evidence shows the houses in Catal Hüyük were made of sun-dried mud brick.
Walls and roofs were supported by post-and-lintel (modern day beams) 
To prevent against attack the houses had two or three rooms and no doors. 
Among the houses stood courtyards with large ovens for baking bread.

24. Section 2-6
Specialization
A result of increased food supplies was specialization, or the development of occupations. 
As fewer people were needed to produce food they became potters, weavers, and metal workers. 
Specialization was aided by a number of developments. 
People learned to make pottery by baking clay. 
People learned to weave cloth. 
People also learned to work metals.
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25. Section 2-7
Government
Another development of Neolithic times was village government. 
It was more complex than government in earlier times due to land ownership and the disputes that arose. 
To keep order in Neolithic villages, a single chief was chosen.
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26. Section 2-8
Religion
Experts believe that the chiefs of most Neolithic villages were also priests. 
At first, Neolithic people prayed to the forces of nature that they saw around them. 
After a time, they created gods and goddesses to represent these forces. 
Archaeologists believe that more elaborate religious customs and ceremonies appeared at this time.
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