1. Verbs. What is a verb? doing A verb is a word which describes the action in a sentence (the word that is doing something) Examples I play football. They skip quickly. We eat spaghetti. Bob is seven today.

2. Action Verbs vs. Linking Verbs

3. action verb An action verb tells what action someone or something is performing. Father packed our suitcases. The ship chugged into the harbor. Mr. Fox swallowed the slimy fly larva as part of a Fear Factor dare.

4. linking verb A linking verb connects a noun or pronoun with a word that identifies or describes it. New York is a city. Lucy seems unhappy. Mr. Fox was sick from eating the larva.

5. Verb Tenses Verb tenses describe WHEN the action is happening. PRESENT (it ’ s happening NOW.) PAST (it ’ s ALREADY happened.) FUTURE (it ’ s ABOUT to or WILL happen.)

6. Present tense to past tense. The following sentences are written in the present tense. Try changing them to the past tense by putting Yesterday at the beginning of each. I eat spaghetti. They skip quickly. Bob is seven. I play football. How have the verbs changed?

7. How did you do? Yesterday I ate spaghetti. Yesterday they skipped quickly. Yesterday Bob was seven. Yesterday I played football.

8. Past to present These sentences are in the past. Change them to the present by putting today at the front of each sentence. Sarah felt hot. The cow jumped over the moon. John sat outside in the garden. The mouse ran up the clock.

9. How did you do? Today Sarah feels hot. Today the cow jumps over the moon. Today John sits outside in the garden. Today the mouse runs up the clock.

10. The future tense. The future tense is used to describe what will or could happen. Change these sentences to the future tense by adding tomorrow at the start of each. Jack and Jill went up the hill. Thomas chased the mouse. Lucy entered the wardrobe. Bo Peep lost her sheep.

11. How did you do? Tomorrow Jack and Jill could/will go up the hill. Tomorrow Thomas could/will chase the mouse. Tomorrow Lucy could/will enter the wardrobe. Tomorrow Bo Peep could/will lose her sheep.

12. Verbs that end in “ ify ” The suffix “ ify ” changes a noun or adjective into a verb. Example: Justice (is noun that means that things are fair) Throw the “ ify ” at it and it becomes …..

13. More Examples Humid ….Humidify Pure ….Purify Simple ….Simplify Stupid …._____________ Passive ….____________

14. Modals and Semi Modals (Modal Verbs)

15. What are They ? can could may might must should will shall would ought to have to have got to We use Modal verbs to talk about an ability/a duty/ a need /a necessity/wanting...

16. Modals

17. What is special about them? Modal verbs behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

18. How? base form 1. Modal verbs are always followed by a verb in its base form. EXAMPLES: speak He can speak Chinese. Compare: I speak Chinese. speaks He speaks Chinese take You may take the book to school. take She may take the book to school. take Compare: You take the books to school. takes She takes the books to school.

19. 2. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person in the present simple. EXAMPLES: speaks He speaks Chinese. speak He can speak Chinese. (NOT- He cans speak…) eats She eats a sandwich at 9:30 eat She may eat a sandwich at 9:30. How?

20. 3. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. (We don’t use the helping verb “do”) be come EXAMPLES: He should not be late. They might not come to the party. Compare: I don’t like to be late. eat I cannot eat any more cakes. eat I don’t eat carrot cakes. How?

21. 4. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses. EXAMPLES: He will can go with us. WRONG She must studied very hard. WRONG How?

22. Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know their meaning and the substitute for these modal verbs. Modal Verbs and their substitutes

23. will- will not - won ’ t We use this modal to speak about future actions that we are sure/ convinced about.

24. will be Today is Tuesday. Tomorrow will be Wednesday. = I know it because this is a known fact. will not be We will not be in the office tomorrow. = I know it because he is going on vacation. will- will not(=won ’ t)

25. Can – Could – Be able to We use these modals to express: General ability/ disability possibility / impossibility opportunity Permission request

26. Can can I can walk. = I have the general ability to do the action of walking. can ’ t I can ’ t hear you, it is too noisy. =I don ’ t have the ability to hear what you are saying because of the noise.

27. Can can I have some free time. I can help her now. =I have the opportunity to help her. can't I can't help her now because I don't have any time. =I don ’ t have the opportunity to help her.

28. Can Could In the past, can changes to could. could couldn ’ t He could speak only Hebrew when he was a kid. He couldn ’ t speak to his neighbor who speaks only English. (General ability) Practice time-can/could

29. may =future possibility/get permission

30. may I may choose to wear the red dress to the party. =I have two dresses. There is a chance that I will choose to wear the red dress and not the blue one. may Today, he may come on time. =Although usually he comes late, There is a possibility that today he will come on time. may

31. May May I come to visit you at 5 o ’ clock? =I want to come to you but I ’ m not sure that you want me to come/that you will be at home/that you will let me enter. may You may take only one candy. =Although there are more candies, I permit you to take only one of them! may

32. might =possibility

33. may might We may come on time, but if you miss the bus, we might be late. =I plan to come on time and this is why I I want to catch the 7:15 bus. If I catch the 7:30 bus, I can come on time or not, I ’ m not sure. might If you advertise on the Internet you might get a lot of spam to your e-mail box. =Although you don ’ t want to get spam, there ’ s a risk that you will get it. might

34. should = advice or a strong suggestion.

35. should If you want to be a champion you should practice every day. =You don ’ t have to practice but then, you will not get better. should When you make a cheese cake, you should first check that you have cheese. -or else, it will not be a cheese cake

36. must - mustn ’ t Must – very strong advice/ obligation Mustn't – things you're not allowed to do. אסור

37. must She is sick. She has high fever. She must take a pill. = very strong advice/ obligation mustn ’ t You mustn ’ t ride your bike without a helmet! = you're not allowed to do. ס

38. Semi modals

39. have to - has to had to – will have to = it is necessary =shows obligation and giving advice. have to/has to – in the present/near future had to – in the past will have to – in the future

40. have to I have to clean my room. (My mother forces me to do it.) has to She has to finish the test before the bell rings. (After the bell rings, you can ’ t go on answering the questions.) had to Gail Devers had to take radiation therapy for her decease. ( … to get well.) will have to At the end of the 8 th grade we will have to leave our school. ( … and go to high school.)

41. don ’ t have to doesn ’ t have to Don't have to / Doesn't have to = it isn't necessary Practice time-have/has to

42. Ought to – be supposed to – be allowed to Ought to be supposed to we expect him/her to be allowed to = permission someone will let/permit him do it.

43. ought must That ’ s a great movie. You ought to see it! (or You must see it.) is supposed to The teacher is supposed to base the grades on the tests and assignments. have toallowed to are permitted to can On Friday, the students in our school don ’ t have to wear the school uniform. They are allowed to wear any color they want. (They are permitted to / They can even wear a pink shirt with yellow stripes.)

44. (be) able to be able to show an ability. will be able to -I don ’ t know when I will be ready. I will be able to give you an answer later. able to -Is he able to do it? Yes, he knows how to do it and has time to do it. Can (=Can he do it?)

45. negative contractions (short form) http://www.english-zone.com/spelling/cont-02.html

46. Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know their meaning and the substitute for these modal verbs. Modal Verbs and their substitutes

47. Practice time Exercise on modal verbs and their substitutes Exercise - modal verb or substitute Exercise on 'must not' and 'need not' (for soccer fans) Exercise on 'must not' http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english- 1/exercise-english-476.php http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english- 1/exercise-english-476.php http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english- 1/exercise-english-443.php http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english- 1/exercise-english-443.php http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary- verbs/exercises http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary- verbs/exercises http://www.agendaweb.org/verb/modals.html