1. Possibly the earliest life used RNA:
RNA can both store information and perform enzymatic activities.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

2. Although early life probably used only RNA:
Most life now uses DNA + RNA + Proteins.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

3. The classic view of the central dogma of biology states:
"the coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes, composed of messenger RNA; each mRNA cassette contains the program for synthesis of a particular protein"
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

4. The central dogma of biology is all about:
Information Storage/Information Translation/
Information Conversion/Biological Action
Digital Printer/
RNA Polymerase
Instructions to build/
Ribosomes
Wheat Harvest/
Enzyme Activity
Transcription
Translation
Protein
Action
Data storage/
CDs/DNA
Printed information/
Assembly Instructions/mRNA
Assembled Machine/
Wheat Harvest/Protein
Biological Product/
Food/Carbohydrate
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
Transcription

5. DNA is folded into Chromosomes!
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

6. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
Humans have 22 sets of chromosomes (from father and mother) plus Sex Chromosomes; XX or XY.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

7. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
Transcription goes from a stable 2-stranded DNA to a single stranded RNA
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
Figure 1-9 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

8. Having two steps allows much better control of the output, even amplification.
Little of
Protein A
Lots of
Protein A
Figure 7-2 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

9. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
RNA Polymerases is a bio-machine that makes RNA from DNA- like a loom that makes cloth from fiber.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

10. Structural differences between bacteria and eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Organelles
Linear DNA
Cells
Cell membrane
ribosomes
nucleoid
circular DNA
Prokaryotes
(bacteria)
Eukaryotes
(plants and animals and fungi)
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

11. like different beads in jewelry.
Ribosomes are very big machines that assemble different amino acids together-
like different beads in jewelry.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

12. TEM of many Ribosomes making proteins from one mRNA
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

13. Ribosomes make proteins; Proteins make Products; Enzymes are Catalyst
In chemistry. a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected.
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

14. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology
Proteins start out unstructured- Like Origami. Then they FOLD into special shapes!
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

15. Proteins shape gives them their activity!
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

16. alpha-helix and Beta-sheet!
All the millions of proteins on earth are build from two secondary structures:
alpha-helix and Beta-sheet!
B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology