1. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview An Overview of FOFEM 5 Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory Systems for Environmental Management

2. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5 is… A computer system to calculate first-order fire effects from simple inputs. A Windows program with a graphical user- interface; also has a batch mode A fire effects calculator that can be linked to GIS First order fire effects are the immediate consequences of fire, whether direct or indirect.

3. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5 contains… scientific information from many research studies heuristic information to bridge gaps and to select best data and equations an extensive set of default inputs

4. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5 applies in… Most U.S. forest types Some rangeland vegetation types Areas managed by different agencies

5. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5 is used for… Conducting environmental assessments Developing fire and silvicultural prescriptions Assessing fire severity

6. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5 predicts… Fuel consumption Smoke production Tree mortality Soil heating

7. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Fuel consumption FOFEM 5 predicts consumption of… –Duff and litter –Surface woody fuels by size class, sound and rotten –Live fuels and canopy fuels FOFEM 5 uses Burnup, a theoretical model for predicting woody fuel consumption

8. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Fuel consumption Duff and live fuel consumption are predicted using rules and regression equations based on –cover type –region –moisture –season. BURNUP predicts woody fuel consumption by simulating –heat transfer between fuel particles –combustion rate –resulting fire intensity

9. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Fuel consumption Inputs needed: –Fuel load by size class –Fuel moisture Outputs generated: –Fuel consumption by size class –Post-burn fuel load

10. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Smoke production Predicts fuel consumption rate, emission production rate, and fire intensity over time for both surface and crown fires Simulates the proportion of flaming and smoldering combustion –Combustion efficiency and emission factors vary with fuels and moisture. Estimates production of PM 10, PM 2.5, CO, CO 2, CH 4, NO x, SO x

11. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Smoke production Smoke production is estimated by multiplying fuel consumption by emissions factors –FOFEM uses separate emissions factors for flaming and smoldering combustion –Flaming and smoldering combustion can occur simultaneously, in relative amounts depending on fuel moisture, fuel particle size class, and fire intensity. –Emission production is estimated in time intervals from ignition until combustion ceases.

12. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Smoke production Inputs needed: –Fuel load by size class –Fuel moisture Outputs generated: –Smoke production over time for each emission species –Combustion efficiency and emission factors

13. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Tree mortality by species and size 207 tree species fire behavior must be input by user

14. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Tree mortality Mortality predicted from bark thickness and crown scorch Species influences mortality only through bark thickness –FOFEM estimates bark thickness from species and diameter. FOFEM’s mortality algorithm has been found to be robust in independent tests –Does not account for season of burn, post-burn insect attack, drought, or differences in burn duration.

15. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Tree mortality Inputs needed: –Tree species, dbh, height, crown ratio –Fire intensity (flame length or scorch height) Outputs generated: –Probability of mortality –Post-fire stand table

16. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Soil heating Soil heating model – predicts time, temperature, depth profiles

17. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Soil heating If a duff layer is present –Unconsumed duff is an insulator –Consumed duff is a heat source If a duff layer is not present –Heat from the surface fire drives soil heating

18. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Soil heating Interpreting soil heating output

19. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Soil heating Inputs needed: –Surface fuel load by size class –fuel moisture content –Soil texture and moisture content Outputs generated: –Soil temperatures at a range of depths over time –Depth to 60 C and 275 C

20. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Strengths Simple, easy to learn and use Can be used for a variety of purposes Accommodates variable level of input detail Expandable structure Uses heuristic information to bridge research gaps

21. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Collaboration Fuel consumption: Mark Finney and Frank Albini helped implement Burnup calculations and post-frontal emissions. Smoke production: Ann Acheson and Mark Schaaf helped design smoke module Soil heating: Roger Hungerford and Dan Jimenez helped implement the soil heating model

22. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: Acknowledgements James K. Brown (retired) conceived the FOFEM concept. FOFEM 5 was developed by Elizabeth D. Reinhardt and Robert E. Keane, Missoula Fire Sciences Lab. Computer programming by Larry Gangi, Systems for Environmental Management, Missoula, Montana. Roger Ottmar, PNW research station, helped allow the use of FCC’s as a fuel input alternative. Duncan Lutes, Systems for Environmental Management, assisted with assignment of fuel and tree parameters. Ecosystem classification and default fuel loadings were developed by Scott Mincemoyer, Missoula Fire Sciences Lab.

23. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview FOFEM 5: more information See the FOFEM 5 website at www.fire.org for more information and to download the software

24. Oct-03FOFEM 5 Overview